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Michelle Anatomy > Senses > Flashcards

Senses Flashcards

0
Q

What does Capsaicin cause?

A

A burning sensation

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1
Q

What is Capsaicin?

A

A chemical in peppers That make them hot

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2
Q

What is capsaicin used in?

A

Pepper sprays anti-lick and chew preparations squirrel deterrents

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3
Q

Is capsaicin illegal in the equestrian sports?

A

Yes

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4
Q

Why is capsaicin Illegal to use any questions sports

A

It causes hyper sensitivity and has analgesic effect

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5
Q

What is hypersensitivity? Pertaining to capsaicin

A

Sensitivity above normal limits due to your irritants out on skin

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6
Q

What is hypo sensitivity? Pertaining capsaicin

A

Sensitivity below normal limits

Neuroectomy, nerve block

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7
Q

How does capsaicin cause a burning sensation?

A

Capsaicin binds Ca++ channels on pain and heat sensing neurons causing a premature depolarization.

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8
Q

What can captains trigger and cause?

A

An inflammatory response which can cause tissue damage

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9
Q

What it does prelonged exposure to Capsaicin cause pertaining to topical analgesic

A

Will cause desensitization: neurotransmitters become depleted and retreat back into dermis.

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10
Q

What are the 4 types of stimuli?

A

Mechanical
Thermal
Electromagnetic
Chemical

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11
Q

Give an example of mechanical stimuli

A

Touch hearing and balance

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12
Q

Gave an example of thermal stimuli

A

Hot and cold

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13
Q

Gave an example of electromagnetic stimuli

A

Vision

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14
Q

Gave an example of chemical stimuli

A

Taste and smell

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15
Q

What are sensory receptors

A

They are modified afferent neuron ending dendrites

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16
Q

How are sensory receptors depolarized by stimuli

A

When the sensory info sent to specific regions of the brain for interpretation

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17
Q

What is the receptor type for a mechanical stimulus?

A

Mechanoreceptor

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18
Q

What is the receptor type for a thermal stimulus?

A

Thermoreceptor

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19
Q

What is the receptor type for an electromagnetic stimulus

A

Photoreceptors

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20
Q

What is the receptor type for a mechanical stimulus

A

Chemoreceptor

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21
Q

What is pruritis?

A

Itchiness

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22
Q

How is puritis this sensed by the body

A

Sensation mediated by free nerve endings in dermis

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23
Q

Chemically what is going on during puritis?

A

Chemoreceptors bind histamine a, released during inflammatory response

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24
Q

What are nociceptors

A

Receptors as pain

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25
Q

What are endorphins

A

Inhibitory neurotransmitters released by CNS that blocking neurotransmitters released by nociceptors

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26
Q

A type of natural opiate

A

Endorphins

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27
Q

What are opiates

A

Large class of drugs mainly synthetic “narcotics”

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28
Q

Where are narcotics used

A

Pain management

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29
Q

How are narcotics used

A

As a sedative or general anesthetic

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30
Q

What are opiate antagonists

A

They reversed the action of an opiate

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31
Q

What is anesthesia

A

Complete loss of sensation

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32
Q

What are the two types of anesthesias

A

General anesthesia and the local anesthesia

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33
Q

What is general anesthesia

A

Complete loss of sensory perception and consciousness

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34
Q

How is general anesthesia induced

A

Through injection or inhalation

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35
Q

How is the patient during general anesthesia

A

Patient is a mobile in a controlled sleep does not feel pain

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36
Q

What is local anesthesia

A

Loss of sensation from a particular area

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37
Q

How is local anesthesia achieved

A

Sensory nerve fibers are blocked from depolarization

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38
Q

How is the patient during local anesthesia

A

Patient is conscious

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39
Q

Give examples of local anesthesia

A

Lidocaine and Novacaine

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40
Q

What is analgesia

A

Perception of pain is lessened but not completely gone it is often used to reduce severe pain

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41
Q

Why give analgesics before surgery

A

Impulses are being built up and can make post operative pain greater than what it would be without anesthesia

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42
Q

What are hair follicle receptors

A

Free nerve endings wrapped around e of hair follicle in hairyskin

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43
Q

Where are meissners corpuscles?

A

In papillary layer of dermis

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44
Q

Where are pacifism corpuscles found?

A

Located deep in the dermis, they perceive deep pressure

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45
Q

Which senses are meissner and pacinian corpuscles related to?

A

Touch and pressure

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46
Q

What are visceral sensations

A

Internal body sensations

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47
Q

How is Thurst and hunger detected?

A

They are detected by chemoreceptors in the hypothalamus and is interpreted as sensation for thist and hunger

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48
Q

How are stretching of the hollow organs detected and by what

A

They are detected by Machanoreceptors and Are perceived as pain

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49
Q

What do superficial thermal receptors detect

A

Changes in skin temperature

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50
Q

What kind of nerve endings are associated with cold and hot

A

Free nerve endings

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51
Q

Where are free nerve endings associated with cold

A

Superficial Dermis

Papillary layer

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52
Q

where are free nerve endings associated with heat

A

Deeper dermis

Reticular layer

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53
Q

What do thermoreceptor’s do when heat or cold is outside of their ranges

A

Thermal receptors activate nociceptors and are perceived as pain

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54
Q

What do thermoreceptor and hypothalamus monitor

A

Internal body temperature

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55
Q

How do thermal receptors in the hypothalamus monitor internal body temperature

A

CN S sends motor responses for thermoregulation example (shivering sweating and panting ) to correct conditions of hypothermia or hyperthermia

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56
Q

What does general anesthetics do to thermo receptors in the hypothalamus

A

They block thermoreceptors

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57
Q

What are patients unable to detect under general anesthesia

A

They are unable to detect falling body temperature and to thermal regulate example shiver

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58
Q

What happens to the metabolism under general anesthetics

A

The metabolism occurs more slowly at lower temperatures

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59
Q

What is thermal imaging used to detect

A

Abnormal thermal pattern

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60
Q

What is proprioception

A

Sense of body position and movement

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61
Q

What are proprioceptors

A

They are stretched Mechanoreceptors located in synovial joint capsules, tendons and ligaments and muscles

62
Q

where are proprioception test found

A

Neurological exams

63
Q

What do motor responses do

A

Keeps animal and balance and allows coordination of muscles

64
Q

Where are nociceptors located

A

Everywhere but in the brain

they are the most widely distributed sensory receptor

65
Q

What do nociceptors protect the body from

A

Extreme stimuli

66
Q

what are the five types of pain

A 
Acute
Chronic
Superficial
Deep
Visceral
67
Q

What is acute pain?

A

Sharp and intense and is short-term

68
Q

What is chronic pain

A

Dull/ aching and is long-term

69
Q

What is deep pain

A

Muscles joints and bones

70
Q

What is visceral pain

A

Internal organs

71
Q

What is pain threshold

A

Amount of stimuli that will trigger an action potential

All or none principal

72
Q

What is pain tolerance

A

It is a function of the cerebral cortex perception of pain.

There are some genetic components

73
Q

What is referred pain

A

It is where visceral and superficial and nociceptors sometimes travel along the same sensory nerves

74
Q

What is pain from one area that is being perceived to be coming from another

A

Referred pain

example individuals experiencing a heart attack feel pain radiating along medial part of left arm

75
Q

What are the five special senses

A

Taste smell hearing equilibrium and vision

76
Q

What are sense organs

A

They are extensions of the CNS and are all located in the head

77
Q

What is gustation

A

Taste

78
Q

Pertaining to gustatory sense where are chemoreceptors located

A

They are located in taste buds of the time in some mucous membranes of the mouse the pharynx and the epiglottis

79
Q

Pertaining to gustatory sense how are chemicals dissolved

A

In the saliva which is fine to make Rosaline of gustatory cells which are wrapped by a dendrite of the sensory neuron

80
Q

What are the five different tastes

A

Sweet sour salty bitter and umami

81
Q

Taste receptors have different thresholds that require what

A

A lot are a few chemicals to bind

82
Q

To taste receptors adapt rapidly. Partially at?

Fully at?

A

Partially at 3 to 5 seconds

Fully at 1 to 3 minutes

83
Q

Which plants have a bitter taste

A

Toxic plants

84
Q

What kind of plant is toxic to cattle and horses and it’s fresh and dried form

A

Milkweed

85
Q

Papillea cats tongue are composed of what

And form what

A

Keratin

Forming a backwards facing barbs

86
Q

What is a cats tongue used for?

A 
Grooming
Wound  cleaning
Evaporative  cooling
Drinking
Cleaning up after a kill
87
Q

Rough tongues can cause which problems

A

Hairballs

Strings caught in the barbs

88
Q

Where are chemoreceptors of olfactory cells located

A

In mucous membrane of nasal cavities

89
Q

What do chemicals dissolve in and buying to in olfactory sense

A

Bind to mucus and buying to cilia

90
Q

Neurons that’s a nap with other sensory neurons in olfactory bulb form what

A

Olfactory nerve

91
Q

What are pheromones

A

Species specific chemicals released to trigger a social response

Example-aggression alarm trails territory and sexual

92
Q

Pheromones have

A

Chemoreceptors

93
Q

Male pigs release an androsterone in their saliva which causes sexually receptive sows to exhibit what?

A

Lordosis behavior

94
Q

What is lordosis behavior?

A

Back end of the female is up front end is down

95
Q

What product is used by pig farmers to determine which Sows ready to breed artificially

A

Boarmate

96
Q

Feline facial pheromones Mark what areas

A

Safe areas

97
Q

Dog appeasing pheromone is released bye

A

Nursing dog soon after giving birth to puppy

98
Q

Pheromone therapy?

A

Synthetic pheromones that are used for cats and dogs to reduce bad behaviors

99
Q

Which organ is used to detect pheromones

A

VomerOnasal

100
Q

What is associated with the vomeronasal organ

A

Flehmen response

101
Q

That ear is divided into three physical areas

A

External ear
Middle ear
Inner ear

102
Q

What is the function of the external ear

A

Collects and funnels waves to eardrum

103
Q

What is the function of the middle ear

A

Amplifies and transmits vibrations to inner ear

104
Q

What is the function of the inner ear

A

Sensory receptors Convert vibration into nerve impulses

also has receptors for equilibrium

105
Q

Where is the Pinna located

A

External ear

106
Q

What is the Pinna composed of

A

Elastic cartilage and skin

107
Q

What is the function of the pinna

A

Collect soundwaves and finals them into the external auditory canal

108
Q

What kind of muscles does the Pinna have and what are they used for

A

Voluntary muscles

Used to move years for better sound reception

109
Q

What is the external auditory canal

A

L shaped tube carries sound waves from Pinna to tympatic membrane

110
Q

What is the tympatic membrane

A

Eardrum

111
Q

What is the tympatic membrane?

A

Membrane that separates the external and the middle ear

112
Q

What is the Tympatic membrane composed of

A

Connective tissue

113
Q

Vibrate at the same frequency as waves that strike it

A

Tympatic membrane

114
Q

What is a hematoma

A

Rupture of blood vessels that cause blood to accumulate between the cartilage and skin

115
Q

Why does the pinnae get hematomas

A

Because it is highly vascularized

116
Q

What are hematomas caused by?

A

Animals vigorously shaking their heads

117
Q

Untreated hematoma will result in

A

Cauliflower ear

118
Q

What is otitis externa

A

Inflammation of external auditory canal

119
Q

What is otitis externa due to

A

Mites
Bacterial infection
Yeast infection

120
Q

What signs are associated with the inflammation of the external auditory canal

A

Moist swollen and has a strong odor

Pat will shake head and scratch at ears

121
Q

Which dogs is inflammation of the external auditory canal most common in and why

A

Floppy eared dogs

Poor air circulation

122
Q

What is the middle ear

A

Amy mucous membranes cavity within Temporal bone.
Fills with air
Contains ossicles.

123
Q

What are ossicles

A

Three small bones that link the tympanic membrane to the cochlea in inner ear

124
Q

Where is the eustachian tube. What does it do

A

Opening begins in the middle ear leads to pharynx

Helps equalize pressure on both sides of tympanic

125
Q

Which structures contribution to hearing and equilibrium

A

Cochlea

126
Q

What is the cochlea

A

It is a snail shaped organ

Contains three fluid filled canals

127
Q

In the cochlea where mechanical scepters found

A

Within the middle canal is the organ of court I

128
Q

What is equilibrium

A

Position of body in space

129
Q

What does equilibrium do

A

Helps animal maintain balance by keeping track of position of body

130
Q

Pertaining to equilibrium where are Machanoteceptors receptors located in the inner ear

A

Vestibule

Semicircular canals

131
Q

Where is the vestibule located

A

It is a chamber located between the cochlea and the semicircle canals

132
Q

What does the vestibule contain

A

Macula

133
Q

Where are the semicircular CanalS

A

Inner ear

134
Q

What are the semicircular canals

A

Three fluid filled the tubes positioned at right angles to each other

135
Q

What does this semicircular canals respond to

Which type of movement

A

Rotational movements

136
Q

What is motion sickness

A

Disagreement between visual perceive motion and motion detected by vestibule

137
Q

What are the main organs of vision

A

Eyeballing optic nerve 2

138
Q

Where the accessory structures of the eyeball

A

Eyelids nictitating membrane eyelashes lacrimal apparatus

139
Q

What the three layers of the eye

A

Fibrous: Scalera and cornea

Vascular: choroid coat

Nervous: retina

140
Q

The lenses separate into what 2 fluid filled regions

A

Aqueous compartment

Vitreous compartment

141
Q

What is the sclera

A

Tough, white layer

142
Q

What is the cornea?

A

Transparent window into the Eye

143
Q

What is ulcerative keratitis

A

Corneal ulcers

144
Q

What causes ulcerative keratitis

A

Trauma foreign bodies the herpes virus and cats and chemicals

145
Q

What are the symptoms of ulcerative keratitis

A

It’s painful there is squinting tearing and rubbing of the eye

146
Q

How is ulcerative keratitis diagnosed

A

Fluorescent dye

147
Q

What is given to treat ulcerative kataritis

A

Topical ointment to relieve pain and antibiotics. If infected

148
Q

What is the iris

A

Color part of eye

149
Q

What is the pupil

A

Hole in the center of the eye

150
Q

What is corpora Negra

A

Brown masses in horses ruminants of the I

151
Q

What is the retina

A

A thin and delicate membrane lining the back of the eye

152
Q

Light passes through the retina to stimulate what

A

Photoreceptors

Michelle Anatomy (1 decks)

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