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APP U4 S&P > Sensation & Perception > Flashcards

Sensation & Perception Flashcards

1
Q

The process by which we receive information from the environment and encode it as neural signals:

A

Sensation

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2
Q

The process of selecting and interpreting information from the environment (How individuals put things together):

A

Perception

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3
Q

The study of the relationship between physical energy and psychological experience:

A

Psychophysics

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4
Q

The first area of psych to be studied as a science:

A

Psychophysics

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5
Q

The sensory analysis that starts at the entry level and works up to a higher level:

A

Bottom-up Processing

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6
Q

Constructing perceptions drawing both on sensations coming bottom-up and on our experiences and expectations (applying what we know):

A

Top-down Processing

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7
Q

The first person to study the relationship between stimulus intensity and sensation intensity

A

Gustav Fechner

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8
Q

Who created the absolute threshold?

A

Fechner

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9
Q
  1. The point at which a stimulus can be detected 50% of the time2. The minimum amount of stimulation needed to detect a stimulus
A

Absolute Threshold

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10
Q

There is no absolute threshold because the threshold changes with a variety of factors:

A

Signal Detection Theory

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11
Q

The receipt of messages that are below one’s absolute threshold (no trigger):

A

Subliminal Stimulation

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12
Q

A change between two stimuli that can be detected 50% of the time:

A

Difference Threshold

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13
Q

Who discovered Weber’s Law?

A

Ernest Weber

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14
Q

Two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage to be perceived as different:

A

Weber’s Law

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15
Q

What forms do environmental info exists as?

A

Air vibrations, gases, and chemicals

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16
Q

What the body receives the forms through:

A

Special Receptor Cells

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17
Q

Converting one form of energy into another:

A

Transduction

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18
Q

What is receptor sensitivity sensitive to?

A

Change

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19
Q

A weakened sensitivity due to prolonged stimulation:

A

Sensory Adaptation

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20
Q

A decline of the sensory sensitivity at the neural level due to repeated stimulation:

A

Habituation

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21
Q

How is habituation different from sensory adaptation?

A

Responsiveness can reappear if the stimulation is increased or decreased (Habituation)

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22
Q

What you choose to attend to out of all the stimulation reaching you:

A

Selective Attention

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23
Q

You can pay attention to multiple sensory inputs:

A

Divided Attention

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24
Q

You hear/see two different things and are told to pay attention to both:

A

Dichotic Listening/Viewing

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25
Q

People are asked to name the colors of the words and not read the words:

A

Stroop Effect

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26
Q

The interference occurs because words are read faster than colors are named:

A

Speed or Processing Theory

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27
Q

The process of organizing and interpreting sensory info:

A

Perception

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28
Q

We must perceive a figure from its ground:

A

Form Perception

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29
Q

Transforms 2D into 3D:

A

Depth Perception

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30
Q

Brain computes motion as images move across the retina:

A

Motion Perception

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31
Q

How we recognize an object:

A

Perceptual Interpretation

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32
Q

The ability to attend selectively to one voice among many:

A

Cocktail Party Event

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33
Q

Inability to see an object or person in our midst

A

Inattentional Blindness

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34
Q

A form of inattentional blindness; when you do not notice when something changes because you are so focused on something else:

A

Change Blindness

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35
Q

What are two perceptual illusions?

A

Muller-Lyer and Ames Room

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36
Q

Muller-LyerTall arch - the ___ dimension of the arch looks longer than the ____ dimension. However, both are the same:

A

Vertical; Horizontal

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37
Q

Designed to demonstrate the size-distance illusion:

A

Ames Room

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38
Q

The tendency for vision to dominate the other senses:

A

Visual Capture

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39
Q

The tendency to integrate pieces of info into meaningful wholes:

A

Gestalt

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40
Q

Gestalt - an ____ ___:

A

Organize Whole

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41
Q

Gestalt Psychologists are fond of the saying that in perception ___ ____ may exceed the sum of its parts:

A

The Whole

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42
Q

People tend to perceive objecs in a simple, orderly way:

A

Law of Pragnanz

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43
Q

The organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings:

A

Figure-ground

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44
Q

The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups:

A

Grouping

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45
Q

Group nearby figures together:

A

Proximity

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46
Q

Group figures that are similar:

A

Similarity

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47
Q

Perceive continuous patterns:

A

Continuity

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48
Q

Spots, lines, and areas are a unit when connected:

A

Connectedness

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49
Q

Fill in the gaps:

A

Closure

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50
Q

Depth perception is the ability to see things in ___ and it allows us to judge ____:

A

3D; Distance

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51
Q

Who created the Visual Cliff?

A

Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk

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52
Q

Suggested that human infants have depth perception:

A

Visual Cliff

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53
Q

Require both eyes:

A

Binocular Cues

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54
Q

Available to each eye separately; used by artistss:

A

Monocular Cues

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55
Q

Images from the two eyes differ; closer the object, the longer the disparity:

A

Retinal Disparity

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56
Q

Neuromuscular cue; two eyes move inward for new objects:

A

Convergence

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57
Q

ConvergenceThe brain uses the ___ at which the eyes are turned to gauge distance:

A

Angle

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58
Q

Smaller image is more distant:

A

Relative Size

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59
Q

If one object partially blocks another, we perceive it as closer:

A

Interposition

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60
Q

Hazy objects are seen as more distant:

A

Relative Clarity

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61
Q

Course objects appear closer and fine objects are distant:

A

Texture Gradient

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62
Q

Objects higher in our field of vision appear farther away; vertical is longer than horizontal

A

Relative Height

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63
Q

Closer objects seem to move faster:

A

Relative Motion

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64
Q

Parallel lines appear to converge with distance:

A

Linear Perspective

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65
Q

Closer objects appear brighter; shading produces depth:

A

Light and Shadow (Relative Brightness)

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66
Q

Objects traveling towards us grow in size and those moving away shirk in size:

A

Motion Perception

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67
Q

An illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in succession:

A

Phi Phenomenon

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68
Q

The brain will interpret a rapid series of slightly varying images as continuous movement:

A

Stroboscopic Movement

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69
Q

Perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change:

A

Perceptual Constancy

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70
Q

Our brains have a template for everything we need to know and we match what we see to the templates:

A

Template Matching

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71
Q

We see what the best example of something is and see if they are close enough to match:

A

Prototype Matching

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72
Q

We break down a feature into parts and analyze what it is:

A

Feature Analysis

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73
Q

Knowledge comes from inborn ways of organizing sensory experiences:

A

Immanuel Kant

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74
Q

Shows our perception is influence by our environment:

A

Blakemore and Cooper

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75
Q

Visual ability to adjust to an artificially displaced visual field:

A

Perceptual Adaptation

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76
Q

A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another:

A

Perceptual Set

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77
Q

Concepts that organize and interpret unfamiliar information:

A

Schemas

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78
Q

Perceptual sets are determined by what?

A

Schemas

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79
Q

Explores how humans and machines and interact:

A

Human Factor Psychology

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80
Q

Explores how machines and physical environments can be adapted to human behaviors:

A

Human Factor Psychology

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81
Q

The claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input (Sorry, Grandpa):

A

ESP

82
Q

Mind to mind communication:

A

Telepathy

83
Q

Perceiving remote events:

A

Clairvoyance

84
Q

Perceiving future events:

A

Precogniton

85
Q

Mind over matter:

A

Psychokinesis

86
Q

The most sensitive to wavelengths of energy called visible spectrum:

A

Human Photoreceptors

87
Q

The distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next wave and corresponds to the perceptual term ‘hue’ or color.

A

Wavelengths

88
Q

Short Wavelength:

A

Bluish color

89
Q

Medium Wavelength:

A

Greenish color

90
Q

Long Wavelength:

A

Reddish color

91
Q

Corresponds to perceptual term brightness and is measured by the height of the wave:

A

Amplitude/Intensity

92
Q

Large amp./intensity:

A

Bright color

93
Q

Small amp./intensity:

A

Dull color

94
Q

A specialised, transparent portion of the sclera through which light enters, allowing us to focus light more sharply:

A

Cornea

95
Q

What protects the eye?

A

Cornea

96
Q

Pigmented muscle that gives the eye its color and regulates the amount of light:

A

Iris

97
Q

Dark hole in the center of the iris that reduces glare; the size of the opening depends on the amount:

A

Pupil

98
Q

Reacts to bend the rays of light so that the light is properly focused on the rear of the eye; this focuses light by changing its own:

A

Lens

99
Q

Layers of cells containing photoreceptors, rodes, and cones that transduce light energy to electrochemical energy:

A

Retina

100
Q

Operates like film in a camera:

A

Retina

101
Q

Area in the center of the retina where vision is shaped:

A

Fovea

102
Q

The point of central focus:

A

Fovea

103
Q

Bundle of ganglion axons that lead out of the eye toward the brain carring info about light:

A

Optic Nerve to Visual Cortex

104
Q

Location on the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye on its way to the brain:

A

Blind Spot

105
Q

The process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to help focus near or far objects on the retina:

A

Accommodation

106
Q

Too much curvature of the lens:

A

Nearsighted Vision

107
Q

Too little curvature of the lens:

A

Farsighted Vision

108
Q

The light rays from distant objects focus in the middle of the retina, so when their image reaches the fovea, the rays are spreading out, blurring the image:

A

Nearsighted Vision

109
Q

The light rays from nearby objects come into focus behind the fovea, resulting in blurred images:

A

Farsighted Vision

110
Q

Irregularity in the shape of the cornea or lens causing distorted/blurred images on the fovea:

A

Astigmatism

111
Q

Located in the retina’s periphery:

A

Rods

112
Q

These receive light energy in low light but are unable to detect colors and function in night vision:

A

Rods

113
Q

Located in the middle of the retina:

A

Cones

114
Q

Detect color in brighter light and function in the daytime:

A

Cones

115
Q

Both rods and cones synapse with ___ cells which come together to form ____ cells:

A

Bipolar; Ganglion

116
Q

Ganglion cells come together to form your ____:

A

Optic Nerve

117
Q

Junction of the two optic nerves where fibers from nasal sides of the two retinas cross:

A

Optic Chiasm

118
Q

Point at which approx. 2/3 of the fibers that make up the optic nerve cross over the midline of the brain:

A

Optic Chiasm

119
Q

Located in the occipital lobe of both hemispheres which contain he many specialized cells for visual perception:

A

Visual Cortex

120
Q

Activation of neurons in the cortex that respond to specific features of the stimulus (shape, angle, movement, etc):

A

Feature Detectors

121
Q

Processing of several aspects of the stimulus simultaneously. The brain divides a visual scene into subdivisions such as color, depth, form, movement, etc:

A

Parallel Processing

122
Q

Who won a Nobel prize for the Parallel Processing research?

A

David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel

123
Q

A. Three different types of photoreceptors are sensitive to different ranges of wavelengths; ___, ____, and ____ cones:

A

Red, blue, green

124
Q

B. Each color you see results from a specific ____ of activation among the three types of receptors:

A

Ratio

125
Q

What color results from stimulation of red and green cones?

A

Yellow

126
Q

C. The Trichromatic Theory is used to explain ______:

A

Colorblindness

127
Q

The most common colorblindess is caused by a malfunction in the ___ cone system:

A

Green

128
Q

Which theory are questions A, B, and C relating to?

A

Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory

129
Q

Created the Opponent Process Theory:

A

Edward Hering

130
Q

Suggests that receptor cells are linked in pairs, working in opposition to each other:

A

Opponent Process Theory

131
Q

In the _____, some neurons are turned on by red but off by green:

A

Thalamus

132
Q

List each colors’ opposite:Red and ____Blue and ____White and ____

A

Green, Yellow, Black

133
Q

Color of an object remains the same under different illuminations. However, when the context changes, the color of an object may look different:

A

Color Constancy

134
Q

Movement of air molecules brought about by a source of vibration:

A

Sound

135
Q

Conversion of sound waves into neural impulses (in the hair cells of the inner ear):

A

Acoustic Transduction

136
Q

Number of wave cycles that occur in a second:

A

Frequency

137
Q

Sounds are described as high or low due to the change in pressure created by sound waves:

A

Pitch

138
Q

Pitch is measured in __:

A

Htz

139
Q

A short wavelength = a ___ pitch:

A

High

140
Q

A long wavelength = a ___ pitch:

A

Low

141
Q

Feature of wave patterns that allow us to distinguish between loud and soft sounds:

A

Amplitude

142
Q

Amplitude is measured in ___:

A

Decibels

143
Q

A large amplitude = ___ sound:

A

Loud

144
Q

A short amplitude = a ___ sound:

A

Soft

145
Q

Corresponds to the perceptual term quality:

A

Complexity

146
Q

What is another term for quality?

A

Timbre

147
Q

A standard unit for measuring a sound’s loudness:

A

Decibel

148
Q

Every increase of __ decibels ____ a sound’s intensity:

A

6; Doubles

149
Q

Noise related to ___ decibels or higher can cause prolonged hearing loss if heard over prolonged periods of time:

A

80

150
Q

External flaps of skin and cartilage:

A

Pinna

151
Q

Part of the outer ear that tends to the tympanic membrane:

A

Auditory Canal

152
Q

Separates outer ear from the middle ear:

A

Eardum

153
Q

Vibrates with receiving sounds:

A

Eardrum

154
Q

The three bones in the middle ear that are set in motion by the eardrum:

A

Ossicles

155
Q

Thin membrane leading to the inner ear:

A

Oval Window

156
Q

Coiled tube in the inner ear that contains fluid that vibrates in response to sound and triggers the receptors:

A

Cochlea

157
Q

Subject to pressure changes in the cochlear fluid:

A

Basilar Membrane

158
Q

Belong to organ of conti which is triggered by fluid movement and bend, causing the cells to send neural messages to the brain:

A

Hair Cells

159
Q

Different areas in the basilar membrane respond to different frequencies:

A

Place Theory

160
Q

Place Theory___ frequencies produce waves that peak near the close end:

A

Higher

161
Q

Place TheoryLow frequencies travel ___, peaking at the far end, being interpreted as low pitch:

A

Further

162
Q

The entire basilar membrane acts as a microphone, vibrating in response to a sound:

A

Frequency Theory

163
Q

At very high frequencies, nerves fire one after another:

A

The Volley Principle

164
Q

Since we have two ears, sounds that reach one ear faster than the other causes us to ____ the sound:

A

Localize

165
Q

What does the brain use when localizing?

A

Parallel Processing

166
Q

Hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea:

A

Conduction

167
Q

Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or to the auditory nerve:

A

Sensorineural

168
Q

When hair cells degenerate, will they regrow?

A

No

169
Q

What type of frequency can old people hear well?

A

Low frequencies

170
Q

Old people suffer hearing loss when listening to which frequency?

A

High Frequencies

171
Q

Electronic Devices that enable the brain to hear sounds:

A

Cochlear Implant

172
Q

An illusion that’s created when the auditory component of one sound is paired with the visual component of another sound, leading to a third sound:

A

McGurk Effect

173
Q

Someone with hearing loss can experience a sound of silence or a ringing sound in the ears:

A

Tinnitus

174
Q

Use of sound waves and echoes to determine where objects are:

A

Echolocation

175
Q

Taste buds are chemical sensitive receptors that respond to four basic stimulus qualities:

A

Sweet, sour, salty, and bitter

176
Q

What is the ‘fifth’ category?

A

Umami

177
Q

How long does it take to replace taste buds?

A

10 Days

178
Q

What else influences taste? (3)

A

Smell, texture, and temperature

179
Q

When one sense affects another sense:

A

Sensory Interaction

180
Q

What do smells originate from?

A

Gases and chemicals in the air.

181
Q

When is the sense of smell sparked?

A

When molecules of a substance enter the nasal passages and meet the olfactory cells.

182
Q

Where does smell meet the olfactory cells?

A

The Olfactory Epithelium

183
Q

What is the term for losing the sense of smell?

A

Anosmia

184
Q

Why are strong memories made through the sense of smell?

A

Because the smell and memory regions are closely connected (Hippocampus)

185
Q

What sensations is touch a mixture of? (3)

A

Temperature, pressure, and pain

186
Q

What does a cell release when it is injured?

A

Substance P

187
Q

What does Substance P do?

A

Transmits pain messages to the brain

188
Q

What are the most sensitive areas in the body?

A

The nose and upper lip

189
Q

What two temperatures create ‘hotness’?

A

Warm and Cold

190
Q

The level of stimulation at which pain is first perceived:

A

Pain Threshold

191
Q

What is the disease where people cannot feel pain?

A

CIPA

192
Q

Nerve receptors in the _____ _____ lead to specific areas of the brain related to pain:

A

Spinal Cord

193
Q

Neural receptors, ____, can be stimulated and close the gate, reducing the experience of pain:

A

Endorphins

194
Q

What theory is referred to in questions 18 & 19?

A

Gate-Control Theory

195
Q

Gives the brain info about where specific body parts are located:

A

Kinesthesis

196
Q

What keep track of where are the body parts are?

A

The Muscles and Joints

197
Q

The sense that informs the body of its orientation and balance:

A

Vestibular Sense

198
Q

Located in the inner ear and contains fluid:

A

Semicircular Canals

199
Q

When the fluid moves a lot, you feel:

A

Dizzy

200
Q

An unusual condition in which exposure to one sensation evokes an additional one:

A

Synesthesia

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