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Mock exam Sensations & Perception > Sensation & Perception > Flashcards

Sensation & Perception Flashcards

1
Q

What is important for the psychologist?

A

to always observe and then obtain knowledge

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2
Q

What kind of behaviour and mental processes do we want to observe and measure?

A

All Behaviours

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3
Q

What are we all depending on?

A

Other people to live, and Provide stuff for us

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4
Q

What is a must for behaviour

A

Perception

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5
Q

What is something percieved by someone?

A

Stimulis

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6
Q

What are nerve cells

A

Neurons

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7
Q

What does signal transmission involve? And what does that do to the next Neuron?

A

Neurotransmitters. It enhances(p) or inhibits(n) the transmission of a signal to the next neuron

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8
Q

What does the transmission between the Neurons do?

A

Make you conscious of everything around you

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9
Q

What is a Transduction?

A

When tasting, hearing, seeing thing and then giving signal to your Neurons

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10
Q

What is the Cerebral cortex

A

your brain

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11
Q

When is the Occipital lope active?
Parietal lope?
Ternporal lope?

A

when using your vision
Pain and hearing
Taste and smells

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12
Q

What does sensation mean?
Perception?

A

Elementary sensation of features (could, loud, bitter)
Integration of sensations and existing knowledge/ experiences into a meaningful interpretation (coffee too hot..)

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13
Q

Weber´s law

A

You can tell the difference between 10g and 20g, not 1010g and 1020g
(jnd= k x m)

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14
Q

Fechner´s law

A

to hear something 3 times louder, you need to amplify it much louder. (logharicmric)
(S = c log M)

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15
Q

Steven´s law

A

A perceived intensity was correlated with stimulus intensity. But in a power relationship
S=c M^p
(Result of the colour constansy (does not depend og the amount of light on the picture)

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16
Q

What is the air wave in your cochlea called?

A

The travling wave (hair cells -> moved by sound wave-> activating the neurons)

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17
Q

How can we hear loud/soft sound and high/low pitch noises?

A

Through the quantity og hairs bending and the locations (quality) of the hairs

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18
Q

Where do we pick up high/ low pitched noises?

A

High = in the begning og the cochlea
low = in the peak og the arch in the cochlea

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19
Q

What has the locations of the hairs in the cochlea have to do with our hearing on the long haul?

A

The hairs in the begning og the cochlea are always in motions (bend) when hearing both high/low noises where the hairs at the end are not, therefore the hairs in the begning are faster warn out.

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20
Q

what does adaptation mean? and why

A

Behaviour where you adapt to something and therefore does´nt register it anymore (clothes, noises..)
(NOT: )
There is a reason for it, perceptions is aimed at discovering changes

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21
Q

What is an afterimage?

A

Opponent-process theory: When your eyes adapt to an image, and you see some of it after it disappears.

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22
Q

What is an assembly og connected detectors(Gauges) for? and what can that do?

A

Green and Red
Yellow and Blue
Makes people who show colorblindness struggle to see the connected color
- if the colours are mixed, it will precive white

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23
Q

When do you perecive the color white?

A

When a surface reflects all the colours, and therefore mixes the colours

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24
Q

Which colours do we have yellow receptors for?

A

blue, red and green. Not yellow.
We see the other colours because of the Trichromatic theory.

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25
Q

How many receptors do we have in our eyes?

A

3 (the once who a mostly sensitive for the wavelength for blue, green and red)

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26
Q

What are the 3 diffrent p values in Steven´s law for p depending on the modalities?

A

Brightness: (P<1)
Length: (P=1)
Pain: (P>1)
- therefor the different curves

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27
Q

Why do we feel pain?

A
  1. dont do this (learn)
  2. Take a rest (let the body heal)
    - therefore does Pain not adapt
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28
Q

Which 2 receptors are involved when feeling pain?

A

First pain - thick A-Delta fibres
Second pain - thin C-fibres

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29
Q

Where in the brain do we locate where and how bad we are hurt?

A

Somatosensory cortex
(outer middle/ top part of the brain)

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30
Q

What is the emotional/ motivational component in the brain called? and what does that do?

A

Limbic system
(middle/ inside of the brain)
- it is what drives people (it hurts, get out..)
If this is damaged the person will know that they are in pain, but will not care

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31
Q

What does the second-order emotional/motivational components do and where are they located?

A

Prefrontal cortex
(in the frontal/outer part of the brain)
- Teaches you that you should not do what caused pain, again.

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32
Q

How do we know that pain is located in the brain and not in your limbs?

A

Because of Phantom limb pain

33
Q

What is the Gate-control theory?

A

That the brain can amplify (illness or longterm damage -> rest), inhibit (stress/fear or faith -> survival) the signal from the hurt area

34
Q

How do the Gate theory explain the brain inhibiting pain signals?

A

The neurons in the periaqueductal grey (PAG) inhibits the pain (closes the gate to the brain)
- Morphine = closes the gate
- Endorphin= opens the gate

35
Q

What is the stimulus, receptor and pathway to the brain for Smell?

A

Stimulus: Molecules dissolved in fluid mucous membrans in the nose

Receptor: sensitive ends of olfactory neurons in the olfactory epithelium in the nose

Pathway to the brain: olfactory nerve (1st cranial nerve)

36
Q

What is the stimulus, receptor and pathway to the brain for taste?

A

Stimulus: Molecules dissolved in fluid on the tongue

Receptor: Taste cells in the tastebuds on the tongue

Pathway to the brain: portions of facial glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves (7th, 9th 10th cranial nerves)

37
Q

What is the stimulus, receptor and pathway to the brain for touch?

A

stimulus: pressure on the skin

Receptor: sensitive ends of touch neurons in skin

Pathway to the brain: Trigeminal (5th) nerve (above the neck) and spinal nerve elsewhere

38
Q

What is the stimulus, receptor and pathway to the brain for pain?

A

stimulus: wide variety of potentially harmful stimuli

receptor: sensitive end of pain neurons in skin and other tissues

pathway to brain: Trigeminal (5th) nerve (above the neck) and spinal nerve elsewhere

39
Q

What is the stimulus, receptor and pathway to the brain for hearing?

A

stimulus: sound waves

receptors: pressure-sensitive hairs in the cochlea of inner-ear

pathway to brain: Auditory nerve (8th cranial nere)

40
Q

What is the stimulus, receptor and pathway to the brain for vision?

A

Stimulus: Light waves

receptor: light-sensitive rods and cones in retina in eye

pathway to brain: optic nerve (2nd cranial nerve)

41
Q

What does a binding between a molecule and a receptor do?

A

It changes the structure which results in electrical change that tends to trigger action potentials in the neurons axon

42
Q

Why is each type of olfactory different than other types in its degree of sensitivity to particular odorants?

A

Because any given binding can bind more than one odorant, but some bind more readily to some than others.

43
Q

what is a glomeruli?

A

It is a structure which is created, when the axon of the olfactory passes through a thin porous bone and into the olfactory bulb, where it forms synapses upon other neurons.

44
Q

How many different types of olfactory sensory neurons is there in the olfactory bulb?

A

350 and for which there is a receiving glomerulus (or a set of 2 or 3)

45
Q

How are the different odorants characterized?

A

by its ability to make a unique pattern of activity across the 350 olfactory neurons and the corresponding glomeruli

46
Q

What indicate the ratio and the activity of odorant A?

A

ratio=the type of odorant
activity= the amount of odorant

47
Q

What parts of the brain does the olfactory send output to and why?

A

To: the limbic system and the hypothalamus (also cerebral cortex)
- the drive and emotional center, so to often unconscious affect us

48
Q

From where do we “taste” things?

A

From the olfactory epithelium: Both through our tastebuds but also through the mouth-to-nose back-door route. But it feels located in the mouth where the food is.

49
Q

around which age do the sexes olfactory impairment?

A

At the age 65 around 11% women and 25% of men have serious olfactory impairment. 60% and 70% by the age of 85

50
Q

Why are women often more sensitive to smells?

A

Olfaction in women are extra sensitive for reproductive purposes (choosing mate, avoid toxic when pregnant and bonding with infants)

51
Q

Why did the mice choose to mate with the other mice that smelled less like themselves?

A

So they increased the chance of them being a close relative, so their offspring would have the best possible chances to survive

52
Q

What can MHC have to do to men and women´s sexual behaviour?

A

It seems as if women are more sensitive to MHC, and picks more often men who have the biggest difference in MHC from themselves.

53
Q

Which 5 types of taste receptors have been identified? and which primary tastes do they correspond to?

A

sweet, salty, sour, bitter and umami

54
Q

what can the taste receptors trigger and where is it located in the brain?

A

neural impulses in taste sensory, in the frontal lobe (the primary taste center) and other parts of the brain

55
Q

Why are pregnant women and children often more sensitive to the bitter tastes?

A

Because we have learned through evolution, that the bitter tastes are often corresponded to poison

56
Q

What 3 types of claims can you make when studying psychology?

A

1 Frequency claim (a statement about a characteristic in a population)
2 association claim (the relation about two variables)
3 causal claim (you see a cause and a effect) + where there is two variables (like the association claim)

57
Q

Which claims can you make from observational research? and which from experimental research?

A

obs: Frequency + association claims
exp: Causal claim

58
Q

What is a must in an observation?

A

That you study natural variation (you do not intervene)

59
Q

What is a must in an experiment?

A

That you do intervene/impose, and then observe the variation (manipulate)

60
Q

Why is it hard to make a causal claim from observational research?

A

Because the data from the observation can be plausible but not proven. you can not condlude anything for sure (you could make a Causal claim, but just as well a reverse effect (the opposite)

61
Q

how do you make an experiment?

A

I goes with I and D goes with D
intervention -> independent variable
data -> dependent variable

62
Q

which is the dependent and independent variable?

A

independent: the one you are manipulating/ intervine on
dependent: the one you measure

63
Q

What is a independent group design?

A

1 divide into 2 or more groups
2 make the manipulation (the independent variable)
3 all participants are measured on the same dependent variable

64
Q

which two challenges can occur?

A

the confounding and obscuring factors

65
Q

what is the confounding factors?

A

a variable that causes systematic differences between the groups
- could be: age, iq/ individual differences
-the motivation, setting/ control variable

66
Q

what is the obscuring factors?

A

a variable that makes the effect of your manipulation hard to see
- the things thats masks your independent variables effect on the dependent. (individual differences, the external situation, ineffective manipulation, measurement issues)

67
Q

how can you control the obscuring factors?

A

by decreasing the individual differences
or by using another design

68
Q

what is the within- subject design?

A

You do like the independent group design, but test all participants under both conditions

69
Q

what is reversibility?

A

some effects cant be taken away (you cant not unlearn what you learned in the first try)

70
Q

what is the carry-over effects?

A

that the participants loose or gain interest and knowledge (if ex. you do the same test but later in the day..)

71
Q

what is the positive and negative effects to the carry-over effect? and what could be the solution?

A

positiv: memory, practice and motivation effects
negative: boredom and fatigue effects

solution: take more time between tests, counterbalance and maybe using a reversal design

72
Q

what is counterbalancing?

A

by in the with-in subjects design test, you randomly divide the participants and their order of which they do the two tests

73
Q

what is the randomized block design/ Matched groups?

A

where you cluster your participants n the basis of an impotent background variable
- no carry-over effects and more control to the individual differences than the “independent group design”
- less control than the “within subject design”

74
Q

what is participant drop out?

A

that your participants does not show up to the second test due to lost interest and therefore makes the test unreliable

75
Q

how can the external situation be obscuring?

A

it the external situation between subjects it can be obscuring for the fallout
- light, noise, comfort ect.

try to give all participants the same conditions, if not posibel randomize

76
Q

how can ineffective manipulation be obscuring?

A

if the manipulation is masked in the experiment you can not conclude anything form it

solution: you need to increase the intensity of manipulation

77
Q

how can you make a manipulation check?

A

by asking a question after the manipulation but before the dependent variable

78
Q

what can be measurement issues?

A

1 measurement errors (use enough questions, and clear questions)
2 floor(everyone answered wrong) and ceiling(everyone is in the high) effects (makes it harder to see the different answers)

Mock exam Sensations & Perception (1 decks)

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