Sensation and Perception

Question 1

Idealism-

Answer 1

minds make reality. We are constantly experiencing delusion–optical illusion example

Question 2

Sensation

Answer 2

Sensation is process by which important changes in state of world create changes in state of brain

Question 3

Perception

Answer 3

Perception is process by which changes in state of brain give rise to conscious experience of world

Question 4

Sensation vs perception in the ex: blindsight

Answer 4

Usually they come as one. Sometimes they’re separate (ex: blindsight, condition that blind, but aware of visual field;
“All they see is darkness” but can guess correctly whether horizontal or vertical, can avoid objects–they have sensation but not perception
Brain injury that blocked perception but the motor systems can access sensation
So ppl with blindsight–info gets to visual cortex but doesnt get to frontal cortex–no chance to get to frontal cortex and be processed

Question 5

Five senses–

Answer 5

Olfaction
Vision
Audition
Touch 
Taste

Question 6

vision process

Answer 6

Occipital lobe (vision in the back) takes 30-40% of cortex/way more than other senses

Info flow in brain (vision)
Light flows thru eye→ thalamus–(all sensory info goes there) then → occipital lobe/visual cortex (far away as possible from eyes) → what/where pathways→ frontal cortex (conscious experience of info)

Question 7

retinotopic maps

Answer 7

Scientists discover brain organizes visual info in a way that preserves how that info is organized in world (looking at expanding circle vs moving in circle processed that way)
“retinotopic maps”–visual processing corresponds to reality
neurons LOOK LIKE what we visually process
CLOCKWISE IMAGE=CLOCKWISE NEURONS
LINEAR IMAGE=LINEAR NEURONS

Question 8

Jack gallant

Answer 8

developed machine learning technique–u can use fmri to look at blood flow thru visual cortex and while person is watching video computer will create image of what it thinks person is looking at
Relatively good job

Question 9

What and where pathways

Answer 9

Info processed in two diff pathways

Info travels from visual cortex back thru two ways

Question 10

What pathway

Answer 10

identifying objects and what they are (thru temporal lobe lobe → frontal lobe)
Damage–visual agnosia (can’t identify an object)
Can describe rose but cant figure out that it is rose
Can work out what to do with object

Question 11

Where pathway

Answer 11

identifying them in space (thru parietal lobe → frontal lobe)

Question 12

Sensation as change detection and Weber’s law

Answer 12

What changes are our brains looking for
Contrast
Change over time (motion)
Senses detect relative (not absolute) change (weber’s law)

5 pounds in humans seem less important than 4 pounds in dog

color constancy/contrast

Change blindness

Question 13

Perception process

Answer 13

Reality → Sensory apparatus→ computation → experience

Question 14

Mcgurk effect–

Answer 14

eyes helping ears interpret what we’re hearing/also like lip reading

Question 15

perception fill ins–Expectancy effect

Answer 15

Blind spot
sound/phonemic restoration
ames room
depth, color constancy

If apple, whether or not we see apple or something else, theyre both illusions

Question 16

Where do we get expectations?? (ex: M-I illusion)

Answer 16

Role of experience
Mueller-lyer illusion (which line is longer) doesn’t work on people who didnt grow up in industrialized societies
We learn!! (another example–ppl who grow up in rainforests cant interpret size=distance)

Question 17

Hemispatial neglect

Answer 17

if damage only on one side of the brain to where pathway ppl ignore half of world (draw half clock, shave half beard…if damage to left side of brain ignore right side of world)
Amount also varies based on damage

Question 18

Mueller-lyer illusion

Answer 18

(which line is longer)

Question 19

Change blindness

Answer 19

the finding that observers often fail to notice large changes to objects or scenes when the change coincides with a brief visual disruption bc it’s so outside of ur expectations

Question 20

phonemic restoration

Answer 20

brain fills in sound due to expectation

What we decide the noise is is based on context

Question 21

blind spot

Answer 21

Eyes continuously scanning

retina cant receive info in the spot where it connects to optic nerve–but brain compensates so u dont notice

Question 22

ames room

Answer 22

Effect when we see people at diff distances and interpret at diff sizes

Question 23

depth/color constancy

Answer 23

snowball doesn’t change color in and outside/movement

Eyes and brain correct for change in light

Question 24

contrast

Answer 24

u interpret smthn as diff colors when they’re the same bc of contrast–ex if it’s in shadow

Question 25

Fixating vision color change

Answer 25

Brain shifts color perception to keep u from getting overwhelmed by color
Eyes continuously scanning so if u fixate on one color it counteracts