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Sensation and Perception > Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Sensation and Perception Flashcards

1
Q

Terminal Boutons

A

the specialized presynaptic terminal at the end of an axon which contain necessary organelles proteins and molecules needed to transmit chemical/electrical information to the postsynaptic cell.

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2
Q

Synesthesia

A

a neurological phenomenon in which stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway leads to automatic involuntary experiences in a second sensory or cognitive pathway.

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3
Q

Apoptosis

A

cell suicide

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4
Q

Pruning

A

Getting rid of the connection between cells

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5
Q

Vestigial Structure

A

an anatomical feature that no longer seems to have a purpose in the current form of an organism of the given species.

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6
Q

Palpebra Tertia

A

a nictitating membrane (from Latin nictare to blink) is a transparent or translucent third eyelid present in some animals that can be drawn across the eye for protection and to moisten it while maintaining visibility.

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7
Q

Ampulla of Lorenzini

A

special sensing organs called electroreceptors found in cartilaginous fish (sharks rays and chimaeras);

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8
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

the minimum amount of stimulation an animal can detect 50% of the time.

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9
Q

Just Noticable Difference

A

a personÍs concept of the magnitude of a stimulus increases proportional to the stimulus intensity

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10
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

there will be variation in your ability to detect stimuli based on your expectations

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11
Q

JohanneÍs MullerÍs Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies

A

the nature of perception is defined by the pathway over which the sensory information is carried. Hence the origin of the sensation is not important.

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12
Q

In vision wavelenght translates to

A

color

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13
Q

In vision saturation (purness of the wavelength) translates to

A

pureness of color

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14
Q

In vision amplitude (wavelength height) translates to

A

intensity/brightness

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15
Q

Lateral Inhibition

A

the capacity of an excited neuron to reduce the activity of its neighboring neurons

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16
Q

Transduction

A

process by which receptor cells transform external stimuli into a neutral stimulus to be sent to the brain

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17
Q

Mach Bands

A

exaggeration of the contrast between light dark and grey that makes edges and borders much more distinct to the eye.

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18
Q

Phosphenes

A

a ring or spot of light produced by pressure on the eyeball or direct stimulation of the visual system other than by light.

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19
Q

Chromatin

A

the material which composes chromosomes

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20
Q

Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP)

A

mechanism of action in cellular protein responses

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21
Q

Phosphodiestrase

A

breaks down the bond of cGMP

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22
Q

Isomerization

A

changing the shape of a molecule as a result of a magnetic field

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23
Q

Cup Eyes

A

a cup shaped eye is beneficial to simple organisms because it helps them detect light and move closer or farther away from it

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24
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

the process whereby organisms not closely related independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments

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25
Q

Iris

A

a flat colored ring-shaped membrane behind the cornea of the eye with an adjustable circular opening (pupil) in the center

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26
Q

Sclera

A

Aka the white of the eye it is a fibrous protective tissue that contains collagen and elastic fiber and forms the thin white film that is the outer layer of the eye

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27
Q

Cornea

A

built like a brick wall it does not have blood supply but gets nutrients form the fluid around it

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28
Q

Aqueous Humor

A

clear fluid between the lens and the cornea that provides glucose to cells in the cornea

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29
Q

Conjunctiva

A

the mucous membrane that covers the front of the eye and lines the inside of the eyelids. It provides a shelf for the sclera as well

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30
Q

Lens

A

transparent biconvex structure in the eye that along with the cornea helps to refract light to be focused on the retina

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31
Q

Canals of Schlemm

A

is a circular channel in the eye that collects aqueous humor from the anterior chamber and delivers it into the bloodstream via the anterior ciliary veins

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32
Q

Glaucoma

A

a painful condition caused by the blocking of the Canals of Schlemm and the buildup of aqueous humor

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33
Q

Ciliary Muscles

A

responsible for altering the curvature of the lens

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34
Q

Ciliary Body

A

ring of smooth muscle inside the vascular (middle) layer of the eye that allows for viewing objects from a variety of distances. It changes the shape of the lens of the eye (not the pupil!) and regulates flow and production of the aqueous humor

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35
Q

Vitreous Humor

A

jelly-like tissue filling the eyeball behind the lens

36
Q

Fovea

A

small depression in the retina where visual acuity is highest. The center vision is focused in this region because it is where retinal cones are particularly concentrated

37
Q

Macula

A

the part of the eye that is responsible for sight in the center of the field of vision. It sits in the center of the retina

38
Q

Retina

A

a layer at the back of the eyeball containing cells that are sensitive to light and that trigger nerve impulses that pass via the optic nerve to the brain where a visual image is formed

39
Q

5 Types of cells

A

bipolar cells photoreceptors horizontal cells retinal ganglion cells amacrine

40
Q

Bipolar Cells

A

located between photoreceptors they act to transmit signals from the photoreceptors to the ganglion cells

41
Q

Trichromatic Theory

A

based on the premise that there are three classes of cone receptors subserving color vision

42
Q

Phi Phenomena

A

the optical illusion of perceiving continuous motion between separate objects viewed rapidly in succession

43
Q

Opponent Process Theory

A

first developed by Ewald Hering and suggests that color perception is controlled by the activity of three opponent systems (red-green or yellow-blue)

44
Q

Horizontal Cells

A

laterally interconnecting neurons in the outer layer of the retina that help integrate and regulate the input from multiple photoreceptor cells

45
Q

Retinal Ganglion Cells

A

vary in terms of size connections and responses to visual stimulation but share the defining property of having a long axon that extends into the brain. These axons form the optic nerve optic chiasm and optic tract

46
Q

Amacrine

A

inhibitory interneurons in the retina which link bipolar and ganglion cells (giving an alternate route between them)

47
Q

Optic disk

A

the raised disk on the retina at the point of entry of the optic nerve lacking visual receptors and so creating a blind spot

48
Q

Optic Nerve

A

each of the second pair of cranial nerves transmitting impulses to the brain from the retina at the back of the eye. There are 125 million axons in the optic nerve alone

49
Q

Open Angle Glaucoma

A

the angular opening of the canal gets clogged-happens quickly

50
Q

Closed Angle Glaucoma

A

the iris sheds pigments and they block the canals of Schlemm causing a backup. They need eye drops to dilate the canals in order to drain the blockage. Usually happens over time-like a clogged sink

51
Q

Myopia

A

aka nearsightedness the focal point no longer resides on the fovea-its too far forward as a result everything far away is blurry

52
Q

Refractive Myopia

A

the cornea bends the light too much so it doesnÍt hit the fovea

53
Q

Axial Myopia

A

the eyeball is extra long and so the light doesnÍt hit the back of the eyeball like it should

54
Q

Hyperopia

A

aka far sightedness the focal point no longer hits the fovea its too far backward and everything close up is blurry

55
Q

Refractive Hyperopia

A

the cornea doesnÍt bend the light enough

56
Q

Axial Hyperopia

A

the eyeball is too short so the light doesnÍt converge at the back of the eye like it should

57
Q

Presbyopia

A

literally means ñold eyeî the near point accommodation starts to change due to loss of lens elasticity

58
Q

Monochromat

A

no cones (completely colorblind) leads to loss of foveal detection terrible daytime vision fuzzy vision (no visual acuity because of lots of rod convergence)

59
Q

Dichromat

A

ñnormal colorblindnessî they have 2/3 cones but are missing one kind

60
Q

Commissure

A

a band of tissue connecting two pats of the brain spinal cord or bone (such as the corpus collosum)

61
Q

Decussation

A

the crossing of a nerve from one side of the brain to the other.

62
Q

Bitemporal Hemianopsia

A

losing peripheral vision due to damage in both hemispheres

63
Q

Contralateral Hemianopsia

A

losing vision on one side due to damage to the other side

64
Q

Schetoma

A

a partial loss of vision or a blind spot in an otherwise normal visual field.

65
Q

Frontal Field

A

controls pursuit movements (following objects with our eyes)

66
Q

Superior Colliculus

A

controls gaze orientation

67
Q

Vergence movements

A

crosses the eyes

68
Q

Nystagmus

A

wobbling or darting movements designed to keep us from fatiguing the retina by staring at one place for too long

69
Q

Congenital Nystagmus

A

exaggerated wobbling (crazy eyes)

70
Q

Sacchasdes

A

rapid eye movement between two points

71
Q

Pulvinar Nuclei

A

the nuclei that allows us to ignore the time it takes for out gaze to orient (Sacchadic Suppression)

72
Q

Sacchadic Suppression

A

ignoring the time it takes for out gaze to orient

73
Q

Chronostasis

A

an illusion in which a first impression followed quickly by the introduction of a new event or task makes the brain trick us into thinking time is extended slightly (clock hands)

74
Q

Receptive Fields

A

a particular part of the eye which when stimulated will trigger the firing of a particular neuron

75
Q

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

A

responds really well to dots (cat experiments)

76
Q

On-Center Off Surround Receptive Fields

A

A form of lateral inhibition designed to help detect borders. Retinal ganglion cells go crazy if you stimulate their centers but if you stimulate the sides they shut down completely.

77
Q

Simple Cortical Cells

A

cells located in the cortex which respond to angled lines

78
Q

Orientation Tuning Curve

A

a cell responds to a specific line and a small curve surrounding the ideal line (5 degrees or so). So a line that fires at 180 might fire from 178-183 but stop dead at 184

79
Q

Complex Cortical Cells

A

respond to an angle but only if the angle is moving in a specific direction

80
Q

Hypercomplex Cells

A

sensitive to angles specifically the length of a particular line/angle.

81
Q

Cytochrome Oxidase

A

found in the mitochondria the more present in a cell the more energy utilization happening

82
Q

Endolymph

A

fluid inside the semicircular canals of your ear

83
Q

Otoliths

A

small calcium deposits in the semicircular canals. They float in the endolymph

84
Q

Ultrasonic

A

high pitches humans cant hear

85
Q

Infrasonic

A

low pitches humans cant hear

86
Q

Vomeronasl system

A

detects pheromones

Sensation and Perception (2 decks)

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