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Semester 2 exams - Manchester Cogneuro > Sensation and perception > Flashcards

Sensation and perception Flashcards

1
Q

What are our senses

A

vision hearing, touch, smell, taste, temperature, pain, acceleration & body composition

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2
Q

what is the function of the vision perceptual system

A

Object identification/recognition & navigation & motion perception

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3
Q

what is the function of the visual perceptual system

A

Object identification/ recognition & object localisation

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4
Q

what is the function of the touch perceptual system

A

Object identification/ recognition & pain (detection of tissue damage)

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4
Q

what is the function of the touch perceptual system

A

Object identification/ recognition & pain (detection of tissue damage)

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5
Q

what is the function of the smell & taste perceptual system

A

chemical detection/ identification & nutrition & poison avoidance

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6
Q

what is a distal stimulus

A

physical object in environment

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7
Q

what is a proximal stimulus

A

a representation of the distal stimulus

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8
Q

what is a receptor process

A

the transformation of environmental physical energy into electrical energy (aka transduction)

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9
Q

what cells are responsible for carrying out transduction

A

receptor cells

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10
Q

how does transduction occur in vision

A

receptors in the retina transform light into electrical impulses

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11
Q

how does transduction occur in audition

A

receptors in the inner ear transform sound into electrical impulses

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12
Q

what is neural processing

A

the transmission of electrical signals from one neuron to another

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13
Q

what is perception

A

conscious sensory experience

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14
Q

what is recognition

A

placing an object in a category

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15
Q

what is action

A

movement of the eyes, head and body

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16
Q

what is top down processing

A

processing based on prior knowledge/experience

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17
Q

what is processing based on incoming sensory information known as

A

bottom-up processing

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18
Q

does perception require top down processing, bottom-up processing, both or neither

A

it requires both top down and bottom up processing

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19
Q

what is top down processing important for (in general)

A

helping simplify complex perceptual processes

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20
Q

imaging is a physiological way of recording brain activity

Name 3 types of imaging

A
  • fMRI
  • MEG
  • EEG
  • PET
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21
Q

name 3 phsyiological ways of studying whats going on in the brain during perception

A
  • studying anatomy
  • recording brain activity
  • micro stimulation
  • lesioning & TMS
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22
Q

What are psychological approaches to studying perception useful for

A

measures the relationship between stimulus & perception

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23
Q

what is an absolute threshold

A

the smallest magnitude we can perceive

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24
Q

what is difference/discrimination

1

A

the smallest difference we can percieve relative to the baselines level (this is not a constant value)

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25
Q

what are the two main approaches to studying perception

1

A

physiological & psychological

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26
Q

what is psychophysics

1

A

using carefully controlled experiments to test perceptual performance

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27
Q

what is light

2

A

form of electromagnetic energy

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28
Q

what is light physically defined by

A

wavelength and intensity

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29
Q

what is light physiologically defined by

A

colour and brightness

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30
Q

how large is the pupil

A

between 2-9mm diameter

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31
Q

how much focusing power does the cornea have

A

80%

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32
Q

how much focusing power does the lens have

A

20%, but can change shape due to action of cilliary muscles

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33
Q

how does the eye accomodate to focus on close objects

A

lens becomes fatter (blurs far objects)

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34
Q

how does the eye accomodate to focus on far objects

A

lens becomes thinner (blurs near objects)

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35
Q

what is myopia

A

nearsightedness

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36
Q

what is farsightedness

A

hyperopia

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37
Q

what is the retina

A

a thin photosensitive layer at the back of the eye

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38
Q

what are photoreceptors and what do they carry out

A

they are light sensitive cells and they carry out transduction

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39
Q

how many rod cells do we have and when are they most useful

A

120 million. Most useful at night & respond well to dim

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40
Q

what kind of vision do rod cells produce

A

monochromatic

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41
Q

Both cone and rod cells have mesopic sensitivity

what kind of sensitvity is unique to rod cells & unique to cone cells

A

scoptic - unique to rod cells
photopic- unique to cone cells

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42
Q

what is purkinje shift

A

at night, red looks darker than green

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43
Q

how many cone cells do we have and when do they work best

A

6 mllion, work best in daylight, not as sensitive as rods

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44
Q

in what order does light pass the cells in the eye

A
  1. ganglion
  2. amacrine
  3. bipolar
  4. horizontal
  5. cone cells
  6. rod cells
  7. pigment epithelium
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45
Q

what are the 3 types of cone and to what wavelengths of light do they respond

A

Red (long wavelengths)
Green (medium wavelengths)
Blue (short wavelengths)

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46
Q

after 20 minutes in darkness, what happens to our eye sensitivity?

A

increased by around 100,000x greater than sensitivty in light

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47
Q

do rods or cones have greater acuity and why

A

cones have greater acuity as they have lower convergence (6 cones per 1 ganglion cell ) (120 rods per 1 ganglion cell)

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48
Q

what kind of cells are in the fovea and what does this mean for its acuity

A

only cone cells therefore fovea has the highest acuity

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49
Q

when looking directly at an image, where does it fall in the eye

A

the fovea

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50
Q

what is the ratio of photoreceptors to ganglion cells

3

A

126:1, far fewer ganglion cells

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51
Q

what do ganglion cells do

A

condense raw info from photoreceptors & aim to extract important info from retinal image

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52
Q

what happens during a single cell recording

A

The stimulus is presented to the animal
The activity is recorded from the ganglion cell
The activity is measured over time

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53
Q

what are experimenters trying to find when they do a single cell recording on a ganglion cell

A

a stimulus that changes the activity of the ganglion cell from baseline

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54
Q

what does an increase in response for a ganglion cell mean

A

an increase in frequency of action potentials

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55
Q

what is a receptive field

A

the area on the retina which when stimulated by light, elicits a change in the firing rate of the cell

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56
Q

what are the two regions of a receptive field

A

one leads to an excitatory response, the other an inhibitory response

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57
Q

what is lateral inhibition

A

inhibition transmitted across the retina by horizontal & amacrine cells

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58
Q

what do the receptive fields of all ganglion cells cover

A

together they cover the whole visual field

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59
Q

do receptive fields of neighbouring ganglion cells overlap

A

yes

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60
Q

are photoreceptors part of the receptive field of only one ganglion cell

A

no they are part of the receptive field of multiple ganglion cells

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61
Q

what are ganglion cells ideal at detecting

A

spots of light & edges, unable to detect orientation of bars of light

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62
Q

if a receptive field has an on-centre, off-surround, what type of light source would cause the greatest excitatory response

A

stimulation of the On centre alone

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63
Q

what is the helmholtz illusion explained by

A

lateral inhibition. When the receptive field is at the intersection, more light falls on the off region so it receives more inhibition and the cell fires less

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64
Q

what do receptive field sizes vary with

A

Eccentricity: The distance between the receptive field center of a given neuron and the center of vision

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65
Q

what forms the optic nerve

4

A

bundling of ganglion cells

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66
Q

what is the optic chiasm

A

a cross over point

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67
Q

what is the optic tract

A

what the optic nerve becomes beyond the optic chiasm

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68
Q

what does the optic tract feed into

A

the Lateral Geniculeate nucleus (LGN)

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69
Q

what kind of structure is the Lateral geniculate nucleus

A

bilateral (one in each hemisphere)

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70
Q

what is the LGN ideal in doing

A

detecting spots of light & edges, not able to detect orientation of bars & edges

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71
Q

where does V1(aka primary visual cortex aka striate cortex) recieve its input from

A

LGN

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72
Q

what is the primary visual cortex also known as

A

V1/Striate cortex

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73
Q

what do V1 cells respond best to

A

lines of a particular orientation, prefers them to spots

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74
Q

What does retinotopic mapping mean

A

forms a map of the entity/object falling on the retina

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75
Q

what is cortical magnification and what does it state about the fovea

A

Amount of cortex devoted to representing each part of the retinal field is distorted
Fovea represented by large area of cortex

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76
Q

what are the cells in the LGN like

A

monocular - respond to input from left or right eye but not both

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77
Q

what are 80% of the cells in V1 like

A

binocular - respond to input from both eyes

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78
Q

what is ocular dominance

A

the fact that most ocular cells respond better to one eye than the other

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79
Q

what are the 3 different types of receptive fields in V1

hint: the naming progression is logical

A

simple cells, complex cells, hypercomplex cells

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80
Q

what is special about simple cells

A

they all have a prefered orientation

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81
Q

what are edge detectors

A

simple cells with one excitatory and one inhibitory region

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82
Q

what is special about complex cells

A

respond best to moving oriented bars and edges in a particular direction of movement

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83
Q

what is special about complex cells

A

respond best to moving oriented bars and edges in a particular direction of movement

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84
Q

what do hypercomplex (aka end-stopped) cells respond best to

A

bars of particular orientation
Moving in a particular direction
Particular length

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85
Q

what is the ‘what ‘ stream important for

A

discriminating and recognising objects

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86
Q

where does the ‘what’ stream travel

A

ventrally to inferotemporal cortex

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87
Q

what is the ‘where’ stream important for

A

determining where an object is and how to act upon it

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88
Q

where does the ‘where’ stream travel

A

dorsally to posterior parietal cortex

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89
Q

what lesion study provides evidence for the what and wear streams

A

monkey lesion study

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90
Q

what neuropsychological evidence is there for the what and where stream

A

visual form agnosia - damage to what stream
optic ataxia- damage to where stream

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90
Q

are the what and where streams completely seperate

A

no, there are many connections between them

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91
Q

in an experiment showcasing babies depth perception, what were the results

A

all the babies went to their mothers at the shallow end of the pool
none of the babies went to their mothers at the deep end of the pool

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92
Q

what do oculomotor cues depend on

A

our ability to sense the position of our eyes and tension in our eye muscles

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93
Q

what is convergence in reference to oculomotor cues

A

eye muscles causing your eyes to look inward

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94
Q

what is accommodation in reference to oculomotor cues

A

lens bulging to focus on a near object

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95
Q

when are cues effective

A

at a distance closer than 5 feet

96
Q

what are pictorial cues

A

monocular cues - can be depicted in a still image and do not require viewing with both eyes

97
Q

what is an example of a pictorial cue

A

Watching TV, photos, paintings

98
Q

what is size constancy

2 acceptable definitions

A

The retinal size of objects gets smaller as they get further away.

OR
The retinal size of objects gets larger as they get closer

99
Q

As objects get further away, they get nearer the horizon - what is this an example of

A

relative height

100
Q

what does emmets law state

A

objects that generate retinal images of the same size will look different in physical size if they appear to be located at different distances

(think of a far away car compared to a close)

101
Q

why do distant objects appear less sharp

A

there is more air and particles to look through (atmospheric perspective)

102
Q

what is an example of linear perspective

A

parallel lines converging as the get further away

103
Q

Is the retina curved or straight

A

curved

104
Q

what is motion parallax an example of

A

a movement-produced cue

105
Q

what is motion parallax

A

observer moves relative to a 3-d scene, nearby objects appear to move rapidly whereas far objects appear to move slowly

106
Q

what is binocular disparity/ stereopsis

A

a cue depending on two eyes & the fact that out eyes see the world from slightly different positions

107
Q

What is a corresponding retinal point

A

for every point on one retina, there is a corresponding point on the other retina

108
Q

what is a non-corresponding retinal point

A

points on each retina that do not correspond to each other

109
Q

as an object is moved further away is there more or less binocular disparity

A

less binocular disparity

110
Q

at what point is there no disparity between the location that the stimulus falls on in both retina

A

the fixation point, as that is where both fovea are focused

111
Q

what are some examples of things that show depth

A

virtual reality
stereograph cameras
shutter glasses

112
Q

what are some examples of other species of mammal that have trichromatic vision

A

catarrhine monkeys
platyrrhine monkeys (only the females)

113
Q

some tropical fish and birds have 4 types of colour vision, what is this called

A

tetrachromy

114
Q

what kind of animal is pentachromatic

A

pigeons

115
Q

What does scene segmentation mean (colour)

A

variations in colour often signal object boundaries

116
Q

what is perceptual organisation

A

our visual systems using colour to group elements in a scene

117
Q

what are the psychological attributes of light

A

hue (colour), brightness (perceived intensity) & saturation (how much colour)

118
Q

what is the difference between pink and red

A

saturation

119
Q

what is (usually) the difference between dark and light blue

A

intensity

120
Q

what is the difference between red and blue

A

hue (wavelength)

121
Q

What does the Young-helmholtz trichromatic theory hypothesise

A

that there are 3 diff receptors that respond best to diff wavelengths of light (red, green blue)

122
Q

what are the rough numbers for short, medium and long wavelengths

A

short-420
medium- 530
long-580

123
Q

what evidence is there to support the trichromatic theory of evoloution

A

3 primary colours combine to produce all possible colours
3 forms of dichromatism (colour blindness)

124
Q

what is the opponent process theory of colour

A

that there are 3 processes which are opponents in nature Red-green
Yellow-blue
Black white

125
Q

why did Hering come up with the opponent process theory of colour

A

when asking people to pick out ‘pure’ colours from a large sample, people chose red blue green AND yellow + unclear how trichromacy could explain after images

126
Q

what evidence is there for opponent process theory

A

Non existence of certain colour combos (e.g blueish yellow)
Colour confusions in colour blindness (red and green)
Complementary afterimages
Colour context effects

127
Q

at what level is the tricromacy theory of colour correct

A

at the level of the cones

128
Q

at what level is the opponent process theory of colour perception correct

A

at the level of the LGN & cortical cells

129
Q

What is an Anopia and what are the three types

A

insensitvity to L,M or S wavelengths of light due to missing a type of cone
protanopia- missing L cone
deuteranopia- missing M cone
Tritanopia- missing S cone

130
Q

Only one of the 3 Anopias is more prominent than females than males, which is it

A

tritanopia

131
Q

Only one of the 3 Anopias is more prominent than females than males, which is it

A

tritanopia

132
Q

What are anomalies (in reference to colour perception) and what are the two types

A

missalignment of L or M in trichromats
Protoanomaly: L-cone pigment deficiency:
Deuteranomaly: M-cone pigment deficiency:

133
Q

which colour vision theory does colour blindness support

A

both, anopias point to 3 cone types

134
Q

Are there any animals that lack motion perception

A

No, all animals have some degree of motion detection/ perception

135
Q

what do random dot kinematograms (RDK’s) suggest

A

we do not need to be able to recognise an object in order to see it move

136
Q

What is the correspondence problem highlighted by

A

random dot kinematograms,

137
Q

when do we detect movement

A

when the eyes are stationary and an image moves across the retina

138
Q

what does a reichardt detector detect

A

movement of a specified direction and speed

139
Q

in regards to movement detection, what do excitation and inhibition interact to create

A

a cell that only responds to movement from right to left

140
Q

for a reichardt detector, if something moves in the proper direction, what happens

A

the two signals meet at the same time and this causes a strong response

141
Q

for a reichardt detector, when something moves in the wrong direction, what happens

A

there is no response

142
Q

for a reichardt detector, when something is moving too fast

A

the timing is off so there is no response

143
Q

in a reichardt detector , what happens if you make a bigger separation between the two detectors

A

they detect faster motion as the changing of the detectors measures different speeds

144
Q

what does velocity transposition show

A

two images moving across the visual field at diff speeds can be perceived moving at the same time

145
Q

what things affect the threshold potential for movement detection

A

the object and its surroundings

146
Q

what is the requirement for a cat in a larger cage to be percieved as mocing at the same speed as a rat in a smaller cage

A

the cat has to move faster

147
Q

what things give evidence to helmholtz outflow theory

A

afterimages when we move our eyes
world moves when we passively wobble eyes

148
Q

what is ‘Afterimages move when we move our eyes’ an example of

A

eye muscle movement signal, no retinal movement

149
Q

what is ‘World moves when we passively wobble our eyes’ an example of

A

retinal movement, no eye muscle movement signal

150
Q

what is apparent/stroboscopic movement

A

Illusion of movement between two lights by flashing one on & off, waiting 40-200 ms, then flashing other light on & off
(think of Harpers play)

151
Q

when two lights are shone 30–60 msec apart, when movement is this an example of

A

partial movement

152
Q

when two lights are shone Around 60 msec apart, when movement is this an example of

A

optimum movement

153
Q

when two lights are shone 60-200 msec apart, when movement is this an example of

A

beta & phi movement (phenomenon)

154
Q

what is beta movement

A

movement appears to occur between lights but it is difficult to actually perceive an object moving across the space between them

(literally just the opposite of phi movement)

155
Q

what is phi movement

A

perceive an object between two lights being shone 60-200 msec apart

156
Q

when two lights are shone Above 200msec, when movement is this an example of

A

there is no movement, they are successive

157
Q

what is induced movement

A

surrounding a spot with another object and moving said object

158
Q

what is autokinetic movement

A

Turn off all room lights, when surrounding framework is not visible, small stationary light appears to move, usually in erratic path

159
Q

what are the characteristics of a soundwave

A

frequency, amplitude and complexity

160
Q

what do long wavelengths and short wavelengths mean frequency wise

A

short wavelegnth = high frequency = high musical note
long wavelegnth = low frequency = low musical note

161
Q

what is frequency perceived as

A

pitch

162
Q

what do high and low amplitude mean and what is amplitude percieved as

A

perceived as loudness
high = loud
low = quiet

163
Q

what is complexity percieved as for a soundwave

A

timbre/sound quality

164
Q

what does fundamental frequency mean

A

the wavelength of the longest component determines the pitch of the sound

165
Q

what do harmoics determine

A

sound quality/timbre

166
Q

what is the vestibular system important for

A

balance

167
Q

what structures is the vestibular system made up of

A

semicircular canal, endolymph, cupula & nerves

168
Q

what happens in the middle and inner ear

A

eardrum vibrates, causing ossicles to move,

169
Q

why do we sound different when our voices are being recorded/played back to us

A

skull and jaw vibrate when we move so we hear our own voice conducted through the bones of our skull

170
Q

what vibrates to produce a wave in the basilar membrane

A

oval window

171
Q

what is the shape of the wave in the basilar membrane dependent on

A

frequency of the sound

172
Q

the ear is a frequency analyser, what does this mean

A

based on how sound waves travel in the ear, it determines the frequency of the sound and allows us to hear the correct pitch

173
Q

what structures do the cochlear have which detect vibrations in the basilar membrane

A

hair cells

174
Q

when do hair cells change their firing rate

A

when they are bent

175
Q

how small of movements are hair cells sensitive to

A

as small as 10 picometers

176
Q

hair cells are tonotropic, what does this mean

A

they respond preferentially to particular frequencies

177
Q

what are the stages/the process of auditory transduction

A

Air pressure changes (kinetic)
Vibration of eardrum → middle ear → oval window (mechanical)
Cochlear fluid flows (kinetic)
Hair cells bend (mechanical)
Auditory nerve fires (neural)

178
Q

are pitch and loudness independent

A

no, More intense low frequency sounds are perceived as a lower pitch

179
Q

what is binaural (two ear) space perception needed to perceive

A

direction of where an auditory stimulus is coming from

180
Q

under what sort of auditory perception do you get the doppler effect

A

monaural (sound that originates from one location)

181
Q

what does the head shadow effect refer to

A

the attenuation of sound, sound must travel further to reach the left ear (if the stimulus comes from right side) so diffuses around head

182
Q

what are the 3 streams auditory infomation is grouped into

A

space
time
frequency

183
Q

what are sherpard tones

A

sounds of the same pitch which have the appearance of going in an ascending scale

184
Q

who said ‘The study of what are called illusions of the senses is a very prominent part of the senses; for just those cases which are not in accordance with reality are particularly instructive for the discovering the laws of those means and processes by which normal perception originates”

A

helmholtz

185
Q

why do visual illusions occur

A

Sometimes ‘perceptual hypothesis’ is incorrect and an illusion is resultant (Gregory,1997)

Illusions occur when what we see does not correspond to what is physically presented

186
Q

what are the 4 classifications of visual illusion

A

distortions
ambigious figures
paradoxical figures
fictions

187
Q

what are some examples of distortion visual illusions

A

Muller-lyer, ponzo, poggendorff, hering & Wundt

188
Q

what are some examples of paradoxical figure visual illusions

A

impossible objects

189
Q

what are some examples of ambigious figures visual illusiosn

A

necker cube, rubin vase

190
Q

what are some examples of fictions visual

A

kanizsa triangle, ames room

191
Q

what is the muller-lyer illusion

A

two straight linesofthe same size , one with inward facing fins and one with outward facing fins, the outward fin line looks longer/further away

192
Q

does the muller lyer illusion apply to everyone

A

not cross cultural: people who live in natural environments (w/o man made rectangle structures) are much less prone to the illusion

193
Q

what is the ponzo illusion

A

Illusion of size : two lines converge towards vanishing point - gives impression the line nearer the vanishing point is further away, so appears larger

194
Q

what is the necker cube illusion

A

is the dot in the cube in the close or far corner

195
Q

what is a kanisza triangle and why does this illusion occur

A

a ‘subjective contour’ which occurs because near objects look brighter distant ones of the brain interprets the illusory triangles as being closer than the circles. This means you see them as being brighter than the things that you think are further away

196
Q

what do moon illusions affect perceptually

A

size, moon looks bigger on horizon compared to zenith

197
Q

what do the ouchi illusion and peripheral drift illusion affect perceptually

A

motion perception, brain interprets that there must be movement due to diff pattern orientations

198
Q

The skin is the largest organ in the body, what is its area and mass

A

Area = 1.8 m2
Weight = 5 Kg

199
Q

What are the two types of skin?

A

Glabrous (found on palms of hands and feet) and hairy (found everywhere else).

200
Q

What are the two types of skin?

A

Glabrous (found on palms of hands and feet) and hairy (found everywhere else).

201
Q

What happens when a stimulus contacts the skin?

A

A receptor in the skin fires, and the signal travels to the brain via the spinal cord until it reaches the somatosensory cortex on the opposite side of the body.

202
Q

What are the four senses, that receptors sensitive to many kinds of energy, give rise to?

A

Touch, pain, body sense (proprioception), and temperature.

203
Q

What are the four types of tactile receptors in the skin, and in what order are they from closest to the surface to deepest embedded?

A

Merkel’s disc (fine details), Meissner corpuscle (fluttering sensation), Ruffini organ (stretching), and Paccinian corpuscle (vibration and fine texture).

204
Q

what is important about having many different receptor types

A

Many receptors detect many types of information, and a single stimulus can activate many different receptor systems.

205
Q

What are receptive fields?

A

The area of skin that a particular cell receives information about.

206
Q

What is the two-point threshold?

A

The smallest separation of two separate but adjacent points of stimulation on the skin that just produces two distinct impressions of touch.

207
Q

What are some advantages of active touch?

A

More parts of the body can contact an object, the most diagnostic parts of objects can be felt, and kinesthetic senses are also engaged.

208
Q

what is the two point threshold on the fingertip compared to the arm

A

2mm on fingertip
3.5cm on arm

209
Q

What are the two types of pain?

A

Fast pain (sharp, A delta fibers) and slow pain (dull, C fibers).

210
Q

What can pain be affected by?

A

A person’s mental state, the absence of stimulation, and attention.

211
Q

what is the emotional effect on the top down influence on touch

A

same sensation may be pleasurable or unpleasant

212
Q

what is the ratio of receptors on our fingertips compared to our backs and what affect does this have on two point threshold

A

We have 100 times more receptors per square cm on our fingertips than on our back

decreased two point threshold

213
Q

How can pain be reduced

A

non-painful tactile inputs, top-down input, and interneurons that can inhibit the synapses to the spinal cord to prevent pain sensations.

214
Q

What is proprioception?

A

Where the body is in space, as signaled by muscles, the vestibular system, tactile receptors, and kinesthesis.

215
Q

What did IW lose due to a viral infection at age 19?

A

Proprioception, kinesthesis, and touch.

216
Q

What is the function of the cornea?

A

acts as a protective covering and helps to focus light.

217
Q

What is the function of the lens?

A

helps to focus light and adjust the shape of the eye for near or far vision.

218
Q

what are the 5 core tastes

A

sweet, sour , salty, bitter & umami

219
Q

where do the 5 core tastes correspond to location wise on a taste map

A

trick question, taste maps are bullshit

220
Q

what causes sugar tastes

A

sugars (fructose, glucose…), artificial sweeteners (aspartame, saccharin…)

221
Q

what causes sour tastes

A

all acids ( acetic, citric, ascorbic, phosphoric, lactic …)

222
Q

what causes bitter tastes

A

no unique chemical class ; quinine, caffeine, peptide, phenols

223
Q

what causes salty tastes

A

salts like table salt (NaCl) or NH4Cl, KCl

224
Q

what causes umami tastes

A

mono sodium glutamate Inosine 5’ - monophosphate, guanosine 5’-monophosphate

(MSG)

225
Q

what are the differences between super tasters and hypotasters

A

Supertasters have more papillae & taste buds
Hypotasters have less papillae & taste buds
(compared to average )

226
Q

what is a potential ‘sixth’ taste

A

starch

227
Q

how many different molecules can we discriminate via smell

A

1 Trillion

228
Q

what are the top down effects on smell

A

Attention
Sniffing (if youre smelling to see if something is burning)
Automatic attention (if someone farts and it stank asf)
Effect of labelling
E.g same odours smells worse when labelled as body odour vs as cheese
Effect of learning
E.g expert wine tasters identifying wine odours

229
Q

proust effect is? ( smell and memory)

A

vivid being memories brought back by particular smells

230
Q

what is the limbic system closely linked to

A

smell

231
Q

what is an example of multisensory perception

A

eating, flavour activates taste and olfaction

232
Q

what things influence taste

A

texture, pain(e.g chilli’s), sound (crunch) and vision

233
Q

imagine you just ate a chilli, what tastes have effects on suppressing the ‘pain’ experienced

A

Best- sweet and sour liquids (milk is defined as sweet)
Bitter is not effective in suppressing spice/chill
Salty flavours are intermediates in suppressing chilli/spice

234
Q

what is a multisensory stimulus

A

generates several independent energies, which are simultaneously detectable by diff types of sensory receptors’ (Meredith, 2003)

235
Q

what is special about single neurones in multisensory receptive fields

A

may respond to more than one modality

236
Q

what is the mcgurk effect

A

Watch lips go ga-ga
Hear sound ba-ba
Subjects perceive movement da-da
Visual info is affecting the sound that you hear

237
Q

what is kinaesthesia

A

illusion of speed
Nervous system turns down the ‘gain’ on steady-state inputs
If youre going 70mph, 10 mins later after steadily gfoing at 70mph, it feels like 50mph

238
Q

what is synaesthesia

A

Stimulation of a particular type which always leads to another perceptual experience

Semester 2 exams - Manchester Cogneuro (6 decks)

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