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Senior seminar Flashcards

1
Q

Highest murder rate?

A

highest in south lowest in north

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2
Q

City with highest murder rate

A

New orleans

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3
Q

Total number of people locked up today?

A

2.3 million incarcerated double since 80s

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4
Q

where are most people locked up?

A

united states with 655

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5
Q

How many people under some sort of supervision

A

1.2 million

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6
Q

how many offenders recidivate within 3 year post-release?

A

67.5%

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7
Q

what category of offenders return to criminal behavior most often?

A

property criminals

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8
Q

UCR

A

Uniform crime reporting
developed in 1927 by the IACP
FBI gathers data from local police departments and publishes an annual report
VC Data- MRRA
PC Data-BLMA

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9
Q

UCR crime part 1

A

murder
rape
robberry
aggravated assult

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10
Q

UCR part 2 criomes

A

Arson
motor vehicle theft
larceny
Burglary

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11
Q

NIBRS

A

National incident-based reporting system
created in 1988
enhance quality/quantity of data
tracks 52 Group A offenses
simple assault, vandalism, blackmail, fraud
gathers data on crime, victim info, value of theft

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12
Q

NCVS

A

National Crime Victimization Survey
collected by the US CB for the Bureau of Justice Statistics
Based on annual self-report survey w/ victims
nationally representative 240k people, 150k homes

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13
Q

Crime picture

A

high number of arrest
recidivism rates are high
crime rates have declinedd
highest incarceration rate

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14
Q

what is theory // set to

A

why or how something happens, explained with evidence, experiments, and observation. set of interrelated ideas

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15
Q

positivist school

A

scientific determinism
scientific explanation
mind and body of criminal
irrationality of humans
led by Ceaser lombroso

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16
Q

Classical school

A

free will
hedonistic philosophy
proportionality in punishment
rational actors
led by Ceaser becarria

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17
Q

Biological Theories

A

Behavior is genetically based
* Criminality may be inherited
* Anatomy of violence – prefrontal cortex-
* Lombroso
* Atavistic throwbacks (traits)
* Born criminal

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18
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

responsible for decision-making, reasoning, and social behavior

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19
Q

psychological theories

A

Crime is a product of a dysfunctional personality
* Inappropriate conditioning
* sigmund Freud – psychoanalysis theory
* ASB, psychopathy and crime

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20
Q

what is anti-social behavior

A

actions that violate social norms, disrupt society or harm others, often without guilt or remorse.

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21
Q

what is a psychopath?

A

a person with a personality disorder characterized by a lack of empathy, manipulative behavior, impulsivity, and a disregard for social norms or the rights of others

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22
Q

social learning theory

A

people learn behaviors by observing, imitating, and interacting with others
crime and deviant behavior can be learned the same way as any other behavior.

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23
Q

Edwin sutherland

A

argued that criminal behavior is learned through communication and interaction with others
differential association theory

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24
Q

social disorganization theory

A

Macro level theory
* Where crime occurs – patterned
* Links crime to ecological traits
* Recognizes informal SC as a mediator…
* Broken windows theory.
crime and deviance are more likely to occur in neighborhoods with weak social structures, poverty, and a lack of community control

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25
strain/anomie theory
how social pressures and a lack of legitimate opportunities can push individuals toward crime
26
Emile Durkhiem concept of anomie
A state of normlessness or social instability caused by rapid societal change or weak social norms. lack of structure can lead to crime, as individuals seek alternative ways to achieve their goals.
27
Strain Theory (Robert Merton)
crime happens when people experience strain (pressure) because they cannot achieve socially accepted goals (like wealth or success) through legal means.
28
Mertons 5 adoptation
conformity- followes legal norms Innovation- accept goals but follows illegal means Ritualism follows legal means but gives up success Retreatism- rejects means n goals Rebellion- Creates new goals & means, challenging society
29
Social control theory
people obey laws and avoid crime because of strong social bonds and connections to society.
30
Travis Hirschis 4 social elements
Attachment – Strong emotional ties to family, and friends. Commitment – Investment in education, career, and future goals involvement – Participation in sports, clubs, or work leaves little time for crime. Belief – Strong moral values and respect for laws reduce criminal tendencies
31
Labeling theory
people become criminals or deviants when society labels them as such. Crime is defined by those in power * Society creates norms
32
conflict theory
crime and social inequality result from struggles between powerful and less powerful groups in society Criminal law & CJS as mechanisms of control
33
Core principles that distinguish juvenile from adult courts
LIMITED JURISDICTION * INFORMAL LEGAL PROCEEDINGS. LENIENT * FOCUS ON OFFENDERS, NOT THEIR CRIMES * INDETERMINATE SENTENCES. MOST CASES – NO CRIM RECORD * CONFIDENTIALITY OF PROCEEDINGS
34
Parents patria
* ORIGINATED WITH THE KING OF ENGLAND IN THE 12TH CENTURY. * APPLIED TO JUVENILE MATTERS, IT MEANS THAT THE KING IS IN CHARGE OF, MAKES DECISIONS ABOUT, AND HAS THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR ALL MATTERS INVOLVING JUVENILES
35
Status offenses
type of offense that is only illegal for minors but not for adults curfew under age drinking running away from home
36
Some youth who are taken into custody aren’t necessarily arrested.
Some are held for protection, intervention, or diversion rather than criminal prosecution
37
Referrals can be made by ?
anyone, 90% by law enforcement
38
ILLINOIS JUVENILE COURT ACT 1899
ESTABLISHED FIRST SEPARATE JUVENILE COURT IN THE US * created bc JUVENILES WERE TRIED WITH ADULTS IN CRIM COURTS
39
First juvenile court
Cook County Illinois in July 3, 1899
40
what are juvenile waivers
legal process where a juvenile court transfers a minor's case to an adult criminal court,
41
statutory waiver/ legislative
automatically required to be tried in adult court due to state laws.
42
prosecutorial waiver// direct file
prosecutor has the authority to file the case in adult court instead of juvenile court.
43
Discretionary waiver
juvenile court judge has the authority to decide whether to transfer a minor’s case to adult court
44
demand waiver
juvenile requests to have their case transferred
45
Kent vs. US
ESTABLISHED REQUIREMENT OF WAIVER HEARINGS BEFORE JUVENILES CAN BE TRANSFERRED TO CRIMINAL COUR
46
In re Gault
ave juvenile RIGHT TO A NOTICE OF CHARGES * RIGHT TO COUNSEL * RIGHT TO CONFRONT AND CROSS-EXAMINE WITNESSES * RIGHT AGAINST SELF-INCRIMINATION
47
In re Winship
ESTABLISHED THE MIN STANDARD OF PROOF IN JUVENILE COURT PROCEEDINGS
48
Mckeiner vs pa
JUVENILES ARE NOT ENTITLED TO A JURY TRIAL * RIGHT TO GIVE JUVENILES A JURY TRIAL IS UP TO STATE LEGISLATURES AND JC JUDGES.
49
Roper vs Simmon
unconstitutional to impose the death penalty on individuals who committed crimes while under the age of 18.
50
what is probation
suspended prison sentences allows offender under supervision to carry out sentence away from jail
51
John augustus
Father of probation
52
standard probation condition
Report to PO * Obtain permission to leave * Submit to random testing * Maintain job * Avoid association with other criminals * Shall not commit any crimes
53
special condition probation
attend counseling (SA, MH) * Participate in vocational training
54
3 possible probation violation percussion court has
give a warning, probation is extended or revoke probation
55
probation can be revoked based on
technical violation- failure to meet condition new crime violation- commits a new crime
56
probationer and due process right
informed in writing of violations * Written notice of revocation process * Preliminary hearing * Revocation hearing prior to final decision * Attend hearing and present witnesses * Confront and cross-examine * Receive written decision of outcome
57
probation revocation hearing
hearing to establish probable cause or pc
58
intermediate sanctions
alternative punishments that fall between traditional probation and incarceration
59
examples of intermediate sanctions
house arrest-detain in home with EM community RC- provides structure, no physical activity Boot camps-young firsat time offenders
60
pros/ cons of probation
lower cost restitution increase employment contribution to society cons//// risk to community when the release too lenient will convict deter
61
Parole
early release from prison to carry out rest of sentence under community supervision
62
discretionary parole
parole granted by a parole board based on an inmate’s behavior, rehabilitation progress, and perceived risk to society
63
Nothing works author?
Robert Martinson
64
Nothing works led to
tougher on crimes, he "Nothing Works" doctrine fueled a shift toward punitive criminal justice policies
65
pa board of probation n parole
Supervises release of low-risk offenders  Reduce criminal propensity  Community safety, addressing victim needs
66
Parole hearing
Parole board members hold the hearings ■ Inmates have due process at hearings ■ Inmates are questioned regarding release plans ■ Victims can testify. 30 days to appeal
67
Parole can be either successfully or unsuccessfully terminated. Discuss. How can it be revoked?
successfully- parolee completes all conditions and is release unsuccessfully- they violate conditions leading to revocation
68
Sentencing reform act of 1984
established Sentencing Commission
69
US sentencing comission
independent agency created by the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 to develop sentencing policies and guidelines for federal courts
70
Identify some collateral consequences of imprisonment. I.e., issues offenders face.
Finding housing ■ Finding jobs ■ Supporting families ■ Democratic participation (disenf) ■ Repairing relationships ■ Education
71
What is prisoner reentry? These programs focus on?
reintegrating formerly incarcerated individuals into society after their release from prison or jail
72
prisoner rentry program focus on
All correctional programs that focus on prison-to- community transition – Re-entry programs include a transition component and treatment like SA, MH, life skills, voc training

corrections (2 decks)

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