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English 12 > Senior Project > Flashcards

Senior Project Flashcards

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Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q

Ghana

How long did the empire last from?

A

300-1200

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2
Q

Ghana

How did the Empire start?

A

founded by the Soninke people, merchants who lived in the Sahara

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3
Q

Ghana

Where was the Empire located?

A

western Sudan savannah region

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4
Q

Ghana

Where do we get our information on the empire?

A

Arab travellers that came in contact with the empire

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5
Q

Ghana

Why was it called the land of gold?

A

they produced no gold, but the kingdom was very prosperous from trade.

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6
Q

Ghana

trade

A

easy access to the Niger and Senegal rivers. they had an abundance of gold, copper, ivory, and iron. Islamic merchants would travel for about 2 months through the desert to trade with them. these merchants were for both what they brought in and what they took out

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7
Q

Ghana

How wealthy were they?

A

dogs wore gold collars, and its horses were embellished with silken rope halters and they slept on plush carpets

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8
Q

Ghana Kings

What did they do?

A

served as commander in chief of their army, controller of trade, and head administrator of justice

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9
Q

Ghana Kings

Where did they live?

A

in the capital, Koumbi Saleh

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10
Q

Ghana Kings

Who helped the kings?

A

mayors, civil servants, ministers, and counselors helped the kings with their administrative duties

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11
Q

Ghana Decline

who invaded the empire?

A

A muslim group called the Almoravids launched an invasion on the capital city in the mid-11th century. they seized territories and established taxes

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12
Q

Ghana Decline

how did they recover

A

due to the empire’s highly organized army, they were able to force the invaders to withdraw

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13
Q

Ghana Decline

Final

A

Around 200 years later the empire was suffering from subsequent attacks and they were cut-off from international trade. A drought was also taking effect on the land during this time. the people were not able to sustain cattle and agriculture. In the year 1240, Sundiata Keita seized the Sozzo empire and Ghana. He would then go on to found the Mali empire

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14
Q

Islam

What is Islam?

A

The religion of Islam is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion that is based upon the teachings of Muhammad, the Prophet. An Abrahamic monotheistic religion is a continuation of the teachings of Abraham. Two more of these religions include Christianity and Judaism.

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15
Q

Islam

History

A

it started in the Arabian Peninsula and then expanded when followers of Muhammad conquered both the Sassanian empire and the Byzantine empire. Initially it spread through conquest, however, soon it would spread through trade which helped Islam spread throughout the world

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16
Q

Islam

Slavery

A

the business of trading slaves started with the Muslims in West Africa and then went onto the Portugese. Slavery was legal in the Muslim world, but enslaving a free-born muslim was not.

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17
Q

Islam

Where did they get their slaves?

A

Many African slaves actually came from Muslims. they took their slaves from non-muslim parts of Africa, central and eastern Europe, and central Asia

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18
Q

Islam

How did they trade slaves?

A

They would legally trade slaves in a framework that was acceptable in Islamic courts. Muslim rulers justified enslavement with the Muslim belief that non-Muslim prisoners of war could be bought and sold as slaves.

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19
Q

Islam

how did they treat their slaves?

A

they treated their slaves better than the Americans and Europeans did. Muslims banned the mistreatment of slaves and even allowed them to achieve their own freedom

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20
Q

Islam

Trading with Americans and Europeans

A

They tried to limit the amount of Muslim slaves that were being exported. they did so by prohibiting the villages and locations with a higher population of Muslims, from being taken as slaves

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21
Q

Islam

How many slaves did they transport

A

Overall, Muslims transported about 17 million Africans to the Muslim lands of North Africa and Southwest Asia

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22
Q

Mali

Overview

A

largest and richest empire seen in Africa. lasted from 1235-1500. flourished in trade. became the first great Muslim empire in West Africa

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23
Q

Mali

Sundiata Keita

A

Founded by Sundiata Keita who conquered Ghana. He was called the “lion king.” he had a centralized government, diplomacy, and a well-trained army that helped him expand the empire

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24
Q

Mali

Mansa Musa

A

Mansa Musa is Sundiata’s grandnephew. He was Mali’s greatest ruler. reigned from 1312-1337, the empire reached new heights in territories controlled, cultural fluorescence, and wealth which was gained by the control of regional trade routes. when he expanded the empire’s territory, it became the center of trade between North and South Africa.

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25
Q

Mali

Trade

A

Mali exploited the traffic of slaves, gold, ivory, copper, and salt. this caught the eye of Muslim merchants which then went on to convert Mali rulers to the religion of Islam.

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26
Q

Mali

Islam

A

The cities of Timbuktu and Djenne became centers of Muslim education when Islam spread throughout the empire

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27
Q

Mali

Stories of Mansa Musa

A

Stories of the prosperous king, Mansa Musa, spread far and wide when he took a pilgrammage to Mecca in 1324. These stories were told because on his journey, he gifted gold to his hosts in Cairo.

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28
Q

Mali

Decline

A

Following the death of Musa in 1337, the empire collapsed. they underwent civil wars and suffering from the opening of new trade routes elsewhere.

29
Q

Yoruba

Overview

A

forest kingdom that lasted from 1170-1900. the yoruba people composed significant and expressive songs that praised their gods.

30
Q

Yoruba

Government

A

they had a government of ruling families where each was headed by a king. these kings were called either an oba or alafin.

31
Q

Yoruba

Territory

A

the territory of Yoruba stretched from a savannah region in the north, to a region of tropical rainforests in the south.

32
Q

Yoruba

City-states

A

within the territory were several city-states. two of the biggest were Ile-Ife and Oyo. they were supported by large populations of traders, artists, and craftspeople

33
Q

Yoruba

Oral Story

A

there is an oral tradition that tells of of the second prince of Ile-Ife and his treasures that he left in Ife and allowed another king to rule

34
Q

Yoruba

Slave Coast

A

During the Atlantic Slave Trade the Yoruba territory was known as the slave coast. this is because many of the Yoruba people were taken to the Americas as slaves.

35
Q

Yoruba

Preserved traditions

A

The descendants of these people were able to preserve the Yoruba traditions.

36
Q

Ashanti

Trade Partner

A

The Ashanti empire was made a significant trading partner with the Portuguese. They helped the empire grow by providing wealth and weapons.

37
Q

Ashanti

Luxuries

A

Gold was the major product of this empire and by the late 1800s, it became a major exporter of enslaved people. They prospered and received luxuries and firearms for the exchange of slaves.

38
Q

Ashanti

Scramble for Africa

A

In the late 1870s the empire was overcome with a series of wars with the British. by 1874 the British successfully conquered the Ashanti’s capital city, Kumasi. The Ashanti would rebel against British rule and be conquered once again by the British. This repeated and was known as the “Scramble for Africa” and lasted until 1900.

39
Q

Atlantic Slave Trade

Overview

A

lasted from 1518-1870. Slavery existed in Africa for centuries, but they only enslaved prisoners of war and minor criminals.

40
Q

Atlantic Slave Trade

Native Americans

A

The Europeans demanded slaves to work on sugar plantations and in tobacco fields. They initially used Native Americans as a source for cheap labor, however millions were dying due to diseases, warfare, and brutal treatment by their owners.

41
Q

Atlantic Slave Trade

Switch to Africans

A

Europeans moved on to Africans and found advantages of using them over Natives. Many Africans had already been exposed to European diseases and had immunity built up, they had experience in farming, they were less likely to escape since they did not know the land, and if they did escape, their skin color made it easier for them to be found.

42
Q

Atlantic Slave Trade

African rulers and merchants

A

Europeans traded with African rulers and merchants in exchange for slaves. the rulers and merchants would capture slaves in exchange for goods like gold and guns. Some African rulers were against this practice however they were lured by profits. Even when rulers refused to cooperate, African merchants made new trade routes in order to avoid them

43
Q

Atlantic Slave Trade

More Demand

A

New European colonies began to be established in the Americas so the demand for slaves kept growing. In the Americas, slaves were needed to produce rice, tobacco, indigo, and cotton, since sugar did not grow in this climate.

44
Q

Atlantic Slave Trade

Raids

A

Europeans raided African villages at night while the villagers were asleep, in order to make it easier. They set dwellings on fire and would kill the elderly and some children and proceed to leave their unconscious bodies either in the sun to rot or to be eaten by animals.

45
Q

Atlantic Slave Trade

Walk to the Coast

A

Those that were caught were shackled and had to walk to the coast while carrying trade goods on their heads. Some died on the walk from exhaustion or starvation.

46
Q

Atlantic Slave Trade

How many people died?

A

Overall, West Africa lost about 10-15million of its people. and around 10-19% of the slaves didn’t even make it to their destination and died on the voyage.

47
Q

Triangular Trade

What was the triangular trade?

A

Slaves were transported to the Americas through the triangular trade. The triangular trade was a transatlantic trading network. The triangular trade was a system of trade routes that crisscrossed the northern and southern colonies, the West Indies, England, Europe, and Africa. On this trade route, Europeans would transport manufactured goods to the coast of West Africa in exchange for captured Africans.

48
Q

Triangular Trade

Middle Passage

A

The middle passage was the voyage that brought slaves to the West Indies, and then later on the Americas. This middle passage was considered to be “the middle leg of the transatlantic trade triangle.”

49
Q

Triangular Trade

The ship

A

the ship included the deck, which was the domain for crew members, and underneath, the hold, where slaves were separated between men and women. The Africans were packed tightly together and were also chained together. The men were chained up longer than the women just to prevent rebellion.

50
Q

Triangular Trade

Diseases and conditions

A

Africans suffered immensely from many brutal factors. They endured whippings and beatings from the merchants on board. Many of the slaves died from physical abuse, diseases, and even suicide. The deceased were thrown overboard as if they were objects. The most common diseases they came across were gastro-intestinal and skin infections, and scurvy. Women often experienced sexual abuse from crew members, and pregnancy.

51
Q

Triangular Trade

Length of voyage

A

The long voyage of extreme temperatures, harsh weather, contagious diseases, and filthy conditions, could last anywhere from 4-12 weeks until the final destination was reached.

52
Q

People

Work

A

Common jobs for the average people consisted of farmers, traders, artisans, warriors, and slaves. Both men and women in the villages or empires worked diligently. The men hunted and farmed while the women cared for children, collected firewood, ground grain, and carried water.

53
Q

People

Homes

A

These people primarily lived in thatched huts with walls that were made from clay and straw. They were usually round and contained only a single room.

54
Q

People

Clothing

A

Due to the hot temperatures, the people usually did not wear much clothing, the majority of the time they didn’t wear any at all. However, they did wear tunics or loincloths for ceremonies.

55
Q

People

Muslim Clothing

A

As the religion of Islam spread throughout the region, the people started to wear more clothing as the Quran instructs. The Quran states that women must cover their bodies and heads. However, in the more conservative branches of Islam, they have to cover their entire body including their face and hands. The minimum requirement that needs to be covered for a man is from the belly button to the knee. Most men wear robes that go from their neck to their ankles. Skin tight clothing is discouraged for both men and women, the clothing must be loose and thick enough that you can not see through the material.

56
Q

Literature

What are oral traditions?

A

Oral traditions are messages that are transmitted orally from one generation to another and they can be passed down through music or speech. These oral traditions consisted of epics, proverbs, stories about people, animals, supernatural forces, and origin myths and riddles.

57
Q

Literature

Storytelling

A

Storytelling provides entertainment, develops imagination, and teaches lessons about everyday life. It entertained and brought people together. It gave people cause for pride and celebration.

58
Q

Literature

Slavery

A

Many folktales were brought into the Americas through slavery. Slaves would use these folktales to pass along their history and teach young people morals and values.

59
Q

Literature

Call and Response

A

A form of oral literature that was also brought into the Americas was call and response. This was a common style of music in West Africa. A “leader” sings a short phrase, a call, then a group of people sing another short phrase, the response. Slaves would use these songs to ease the burden of hard work, celebrate social occasions, and express outrage.

60
Q

Religion

Common elements

A

Religion informs everything in traditional African society, including political art, marriage, health, diet, dress, economics, and death. Most of West Africans adopted Islam and Christianity, however, there were still some that adhere to the spirituality of their ancestors. All the religions shared common elements. these include the idea of one god who withdrew from human affairs after the creation, worship of lesser gods and spirits who were more active in human affairs, faith in the ability of ancestral spirits to influence the lives of living family members, belief in witches and sorcerers who established misfortune, and the faith in the ability of the diviners to solve problems.

61
Q

Religion

Charms, masks, etc.

A

They used charms, masks, statuettes, and amulets that were thought to contain magical powers, luck, blessings, or individual souls.

62
Q

Religion

Death

A

They believed that those who are dead are alive in a different world and can be reincarnated. The causes of death were usually attributed to spiritual elements rather than physical or medical. Africans had a desirable goal to become an ancestor after death. This goal could not be achieved if an individual did not live a meaningful, or had their life cut short.

63
Q

Religion

Islam

A

Faiths had become complicated, so the introduction of Islam was simpler alternative.

64
Q

Religion

First Pillar of Islam

A

The five pillars of Islam are the basic tenets that guide Muslims in their daily lives. The first pillar is Shahada, which means profession of faith. Shahada says that there is no other god except Allah.

65
Q

Religion

Second Pillar of Islam

A

The second pillar is Salat, which means prayer. this says that Muslims must face Mecca and pray at dawn, noon, mid-afternoon, sunset and nightfall.

66
Q

Religion

Third Pillar of Islam

A

The third pillar is Zakat, which means alms. this states that Muslims must give a portion of their income to the needy.

67
Q

Religion

Fourth Pillar of Islam

A

The fourth Pillar of Islam is Sawm, which means fasting. The Month of Ramadan is the month that all Muslims fast from dawn to dusk.

68
Q

Religion

Fifth Pillar of Islam

A

The final Pillar of Islam is Haj, which means pilgrimmage. All Muslims, that can afford it, are expected to perform the Haj. The Haj is a pilgrimmage to Mecca with forgiveness of all sins as reward. All Muslims must do this atleast once in their lifetime.

English 12 (1 decks)

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