Senior Comp Exam Flashcards
Capitalist characteristics
a. Institution of private property
b. Exchange of value (monetary)
c. Profit motive
d. Free market
doubling time
P(t)= Po(2)^t/k
growth rate
gr= present-past/past
juvenile court vs adult court
Juvenile court cases are private without a jury and follow the Welfare and Institution Code. Adults have public cases with a jury and the court follows the penal code.
golden rule of report writing
Keep your reporting simple while still being able to recognize a flashing red light that indicates a problem
3 strikes (law)
a criminal sentencing law that increases the prison sentences of repeat felons
truth-in-sentencing (law)
(TIS) laws require people to serve a certain percentage of their sentence
types of warrants
Arrest warrant: Issued when there is evidence that a person committed a crime. If an arrest warrant is issued, the police can arrest and imprison the person.
Bench warrant: Issued when a defendant fails to appear in court for a scheduled date.
Search warrant: A court order that allows law enforcement to search a person, place, vehicle, or device for evidence of a crime.
Alias warrant: Issued when a person fails to appear in court or has not entered a plea.
Fugitive warrant: A specialized arrest warrant used to capture a fugitive. Fugitive warrants are designed to work across different jurisdictions.
Governor’s warrant: An arrest warrant that can be used to capture a fugitive if a fugitive warrant has been dismissed.
Probation warrant: Issued when a probation officer submits an affidavit alleging that a defendant has violated the conditions of their probation.
arrest process
Miranda rights: The accused is informed of their rights, including the right to remain silent, the right to consult with a lawyer, and the right to have a lawyer appointed if they cannot afford one.
Recording evidence: The officer records their observations, statements, and evidence about the alleged crime.
Photographing and fingerprinting: The officer takes a “mug shot” of the suspect.
Background check: The police conduct a criminal background check on the suspect.
Booking: The suspect is transported to a police station or precinct for booking. The police identify, photograph, and fingerprint the suspect, and search for a criminal record. They also collect personal property and place the suspect in a holding cell.
Charging: The prosecutor reviews the information provided by the police and decides what charges to file. The time it takes for the prosecutor to file charges varies by jurisdiction, but many states require a decision within 72 hours.
Sociological studies
-surveys
-Experiments/ Quasi experiments
- field studies
field studies
case studies
°participant observation
°non-participation
Participant/ Non Participant Observation
Interviews using questionnaires
Combine watching with asking questions
Life history using text and historical sources
Recording culture using field notes, tape recorder, video
Census taking
Mapping
Obtrusive
noticeable or prominent
- Participant observation
Advantages –
1) preliminary data
2) uses small samples
3) cost effective
4) high validity
Disadvantages
1) high subjectivity (bias)
2) low reliability
3) low objectivity
Family Structure
- Traditional family (man and woman)
- Extended family (of more than one generation )
- Single Parent
- Step or Reconstituted
- Serial Monogamy
- Gay/Lesbian
Function of Family
- Regulation of sexual activities
- Economic Production
- Committed Relationships
- Socialization
- Economic/financial security
- Emotional bonding
- Cultural transmission
- Care of the sick/elderly
Family Dysfunctions
- Violence, abuse, and neglect of spouses and children
- Child molestation/Incest
- Permissive rearing
- Drug use and abuse
- Absence of fathers
Why do people get married
- Romantic Love(Cupid)
- Financial/ economic security
- Arranged by parents
- Long term companionship, etc
- Forming alliances between families
- As a status symbol (improve status)
Delete
%3r
Delete
Delete
Theories/Explanations of Marriage/ Family
- Functionalism
o Traditional family
Instrumental leader (man)
Expressive leader (woman) - Reproduces the family from generation to generation
- Conflict Theory
o Arrangement may not always benefit the women
Competition for power - Symbolic Interactionism
o Focuses on socialization and nurturing
The ID, Ego, and Super Ego
Thought to hitting someone is a ID
Super Ego says its absolutely not ok
Ego is simply not doing it
ABC Triad
Affect- How people feel (feelings as emotions)
Behavior- What people do (actions)
Cognition- what people think about (thought processes)
Ex-Love bombing then cheating
Social Psychology Common 3 questions of Affect
- How good is it?
- How powerful is it?
- How active is it?
i.e. Social media
These questions are answered based on feelings, not logic- affective meanings
3 aspects of affective meanings- EPA
- Evaluation
- Potency
- Activity
Natural selection decides which traits will disappear, and which will continue
- Survival: living long enough to reproduce
- Mutation: a new gene or combination of genes
- Reproduction: producing babies that survive long enough to also reproduce
Delete
Delete
Delete
Delete
- Self-knowledge
o How we are aware of ourselves
Self concept
- Information about self
- Self-awareness
- Self esteem
- Self-deception
Public self
- Self-presentation
- Member of groups
- Relationship partner
- Social roles
- reputation
- Agent self
- Executive function
o Decision making
o Self-control
o Taking charge of situations
o Active responding
Self-awareness theory-
- Mirror/audience/photo/hear name
- Self-awareness
- Unpleasant self-discrepancies
- CHANGE (match behavior to standard) or ESCAPE (withdraw from self-awareness)
The looking-glass self
- imagine how you appear to others
- imagine how others will judge you
-Develop an emotional response as a result of imagining how others will judge you
Self-perception Theory
people observe their own behavior to infer what they are thinking and how they are feeling
Dependency ratio
(# of persons less than or equal to 15 yrs + # of persons greater than 65 yrs)/ # of persons b/w 15 &65 yrs*100
Youth dependency burden
of persons less than or equal to 15 yrs/ # of persons b/w 15 &65 yrs*100
Old age dependency burden
of persons greater than 65 yrs/ # of persons b/w 15 &65 yrs*100
Demographic Transition
Stage 1, Stage 2, Stage 3, Post Industrialization
o Sir Thomas Malthus
- Race b/w land and people- food supply may not be sufficient to feed an uncontrolled population
- Checks on population growth
o Famine, drought, and diseases
o Planned control using family planning, celibacy, wait to have children
3 factors of production-
- Labor- wages: a variable factor( prices rise and fall based on supply)
- Land- rent (depreciates)
- Capital- interest paid (depreciates)
delete
Delete
Delete
Delete
Demographic surveys may include data on
- Employment
- Crime
- Public health
- Consumer expeditions
- Housing
Economic surveys in general may include
- Retail
- Service
- Other establishment of the Federal Government
Who uses census data?
- Forecasting future product command
- Determine location of new plants
- Determine future needs for Nursing homes and Daycare
- Labor force participation
- General economy development of regions
- Decide location of new housing and public facilities
- Plan transportation systems
- Determine Quotas and creating police precinct
- Create localized areas for elections, schools, utilities
- Examine the demographic characteristics of communities, states, and the country at large
Scientific method:
- Identify and define a problem
- State a hypothesis (statement of fact to be proved true or false)
- Observations (method of collecting data)
- Organize data, analyze, summarize
- Write reports including your conclusions
- Modernization
includes social status, roles, and obligations
Social and cultural differentiation as society progresses from simpler to more complex forms
- Ecology
a. Simple- Agricultural- Industrialization
i. Not limited to economic growth, but includes economic development
1. Economic growth-increase in gross national product (GNP/Capita)
2. Economic development- implies increases in indices of well being
a. More than basic needs of shelter, food, recreation but not access to public health, clean environment, protection from crime
- How humans affect or are affected by the environment
Air
* Temp/Climate (Rainfall, drought, heat, etc.)
H20(water)
* From the atmosphere
* On earth
* Underground water
Land
* Arable, recreational, non-arable, and fossils
o Questions
How do humans use the environment?
* Resource Bank
* Habitat
* Sink for wastes
How do humans impact the environment?
* Population growth # decline
* Economic growth
* Technological development
When does human activity change the environment?
* Resource depletion (Extinction)
* Pollution
o Air, water, land
Three Worlds (Nations)
- Rich Advanced (1st)
- Middle Income (2nd)
- Developing or underdeveloped( 3rd)
I= P.A.T.
o When I= Environmental Impact
o P= population size
o A= Level of Affluence( goods/pop)
o T= Technological change (Pop/goods)
Delete
delete
Crude birth rate
of live births in year (x) / mid year total population in yr (x) x 1000
General fertility rate(GFR)
total # of births in yr (x)/women aged (15-44)x1000
Child-woman ratio(CWR)
total # of children ages (0-4 yrs)/ women aged (15-49)x1000
Age-specific fertility rate (ASFS)
Births in a yr to women aged x + (x+5) yrs/total women aged x to (x+5) x1000
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
∑ (ASFR x5)
***TFR is the summation of ASFR x5
- Families today take several forms
o single-parent
o remarried
o dual-career
o Communal
o Homosexual
o Traditional
3 major family structures
- Extended
a. Grandparents and uncles and nieces - Nuclear
a. Parents and kids - Postmodern
a. Single parent, blended families, different sexuality marriages, 3-generation (grandparents, parents, kids)
- Gender Identity: the degree to which we see ourselves as feminine, masculine, some other gender, or no gender
o Sex is used in reference to male, female, or intersex anatomy(physical make up)and physiology (internal make up and purpose).
o Gender refers to socially learned expectations and behaviors associated with members of each sex.
o Doing Gender: Actively constructing gender in interactions with others
o Cisgender refers to a person whose cultural gender identity aligns with the sex assigned at birth
delete
delete
delete
delete
Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love
- Three components of love
o Intimacy- close, connected feelings
o Passion- drives that lead to romance, physical attraction, and sexual behavior
o Commitment- the decision to love someone and maintain that love - The 3 components develop at different times
o Passion is quickest to develop and quickest to fade
o Intimacy develops more slowly
o Commitment develops more gradually still
6 love styles
- Eros
o Characterized by intense emotional attachment and powerful feelings or desires - Storge
o An affectionate, companionate style of loving focused on deepening mutual commitment, respect, friendship and common goals - Pragma
o Involves rational assessment of a potential partner’s assets and liabilities - Agape
o Emphasizes unselfish concern for the beloved’s needs even when that requires personal sacrifice - Ludus
o Emphasizes enjoying many sexual partners rather than searching for a serious relationship - Mania
o Rests on strong sexual attraction and emotional intensity. It differs from eros in that manic partners are extremely jealous and moody, and their need for attention and affection is insatiable
Delete
Delete
Stratification systems
Slavery
Caste system
Estate systems
Class system
o Industrialization
o Capitalism and institutions of private property
o Profits
o Free market
Definition of social class
1) objective definitions -uses measurable criteria (employed by the us census)
2)subjective definition- relies on perceptions of US or others
social class ladder- Social Class system- upper, middle, and lower
Upper class
Middle class
Lower middle class
Working class
Lower class
Underclass
GNP per Capita
The Gini Coefficient (an index of economic inequality)
Ideological Support of Inequality- Justification of Why things are the way they are, things stay the same
Individualism- focuses on personal characteristics of an individual
Work Ethic- protestant ethic- work hard
Social Darwinism- Survival of the fittest
Culture of poverty- lifestyles of the poor
Equal opportunity- the land of opportunity, can pull self up by bootstraps
Ideology- refers to ideas rooted in tradition, customs, and religion
Types of Capital: Integral to whether one is rich, wealthy, or poor
- Financial- monetary wages/ salaries
- Cultural-values/behaviors passed from generation to generation
- Human- attainment of special skills and expertise
- Social- social net working/ groups and organization
Poverty- The US Census use a poverty threshold to determine rates
A) Absolute- cant even obtain basic needs of life
B) Relative- in comparative sense with a segment of the population
Middle and upper class American VALUES:
- Individualism
- Science/technology
- Equality
- Freedom
- Humanitarianism
- Family
- Education
Karl Marx~ Conflict Theorist: Captialism
o Inequality rises as society progresses from simpler to more complex (primitive to modern)
o Recall systems of stratification
o Marx’s theory therefore is based on society’s mode of production
o Owners of the means of production vs wage workers
o Marx uses wealth as the only index or measure of social class- is the subjective ranking system
- Max Weber
o Weber uses wealth + status and power
C.W. Mills
The Elites- Elitism
a. All decisions are made by Elites
b. Distinguish themselves not only by their income but by their privileged positions.
c. Share common social / cultural backgrounds that enable them to transmit privileges intergenerationally
d. Engage in special socialization of their children
e. Encourage good marriages
1. Institutional (Political)
2. Economic
3. Military
Determinants of social mobility-
Structural factors
o # of types of occupations
o Technological innovation
o Participate in labor forces- opportunity structures
Individual Factors
o Accident of birth
o Education
o Race/ethnicity
o Gender
o Luck
o Work ethic
o Lack of thrift store
Welfare Policy Debate
- Conservative
o Equal opportunity
o Individualism
o Free market and little or no government
o Little or no taxes to the rich - Liberal
o Equal opportunity
o Sense of community
o Free market but allows government interventions
o Tax the rich to redistribute income
Gender economic inequality
- Uneven distribution of men and women in occupations
a. Pink-collar jobs - Women are less likely to be members of labor Unions
- Women work fewer total hours/ week
- Mommy track/ Patriarchy
- Perception of women as weak decision makers
- Glass ceiling- limits to which women can rise above on the corporate ladder
What are women doing to overcome these structural rigidities outside the home
- Equal pay for equal work
- Equal pay for comparable worth**
a. For every $1 a man makes, a woman earns 80 cents - Legislation: Equal rights Amendment ERA
- Feminism: radical, liberal, and conservative feminism
- Individual efforts, education and advocacy
Critical Aspect of Each Sociological theory-aspects which sociological theories differ
- Subject Matter (macro vs micro)
- Methodology (deductive “Quantitative” or inductive « Qualitative »)
- Assumptions(predictability or creativity /interpretations)
- Objectives(descriptive vs explanations)
o Emile Durkheim
Social Intergration
Theory of Suicide of Anomie
* Emphasis on the degree of social integration or cohesion and self-regulation (social control)
* Suicide in Europe- late to mid centurary Europe
* High rates of suicide across Europe
* Industrialization was the cause?
* Found that rates were higher for protestants than cahtolics
* Religion might be the widest factor that explained the differences in suicide rates
* Religion split into Catholicism and Protestantism
* Catholicism
o Communal theology
* Protestantism
o Individualism
* Degree of social integration the lack of theory of might to be responsible for the
o Durkhiems Contributions
Social Integration and self-regulation
Division of labor
The rules of sociological methods
o Durkheim’s Suicide(Anomie Theory)
o Societies divided into
Highly socially integrated
* Small preliterate societies
Not highly socially integrated
* Advanced capitalist societies (excessive individualism)
o OR!!!
Mechanic Solidarity
* Small preliterate(high social integration)
Organic Solidarity
* Advance capitalist
Anomie occurs as society progresses from simpler to more complex forms
Anomie-absence of norms/normlessness
Robert K. Merton- Meta-theories
- Theories of Limited assumptions, and capable of testable hypothesis
Social systems are not mutually exclusive but related in a structurally intiricate manner
- The family
- Political systems
- Religion
- Educational institutions
- Economy
- Recreational parks
Functionalists emphasized 3 elements-
- The general interrelatedness or interdependence of system parts
- The existence of a “Normal” state of affairs or Equilibrium
- The way that all power of the system recognize to return to Normalcy or Equilibrium (self-regulations)
Critique of Functionalism
- Theory focuses on ONLY benefits of subsystems
- Assumes away social conflict by emphasizing integration, cooperation, and cohesion
- Assumes away social change by emphasizing social change
- Stresses structure over processus (micro vs macro)
- Emphasizes dynamic equilibrium and stability of the system
Anomie Theory of Deviance-
Individual reactions include the following:
1. Conformity
a. Goals- Accept
b. Means-Accept
2. Innovation
a. Goals-Accept
b. Means-Reject
3. Ritualism
a. Goals-Reject
b. Means-Accept
4. Retreatism
a. Goals-Reject
b. Means-Reject
5. Rebellion
a. Goals-Reject but substitute
b. Means-Reject but Substitute
Conflict theory- 2 schools of thought
- Critical Conflict Theory
a. Karl Marx/Marxism
b. Cannot separate facts from values
c. subjective - Analytic Conflict Theory
a. Max Weber/Weberian
b. We must separate facts from values and focus on nothing but facts
c. Objective in approach
d. Value free sociology
e. Durkheim-factors external to the individual
o Karl Marx
He emphasizes ownership but according to Mills, in modern society control rather than ownership may be the single most important factor is class determination
o C.W. Mills
He use corporations and stockholders to illustrate his point
* Who are owners of corporations?
o Stockholders
Preferred stocks
* More risk and requires larger sums of money
Common Stocks
* Average person
* Who controls the corporations?
o Board of Directors, cooperate heads, and managers= top 1%
Elitism
- He argues that political class and the institutions that give them legitimacy through ideology controlled both the state and the people
o E. O. Wright
Wright and Mills agree with Marx on several aspects, but slightly disagree with overwhelming emphasis on Capital accumulation or wealth in determining social class
Objectivity
- Derived from the5 sense
o Taste
o Smell
o Touch
o Sound/hearing
o Sight
- Max Weber
o Value free sociology
o Idealism
o Bureaucracy
* The “Ideal types” Bureaucracy
o Hierarchy of Authority
o Impersonality
Distance between people
o Division of labors
o Meritocracy
- Karl Marx believed the state was related to re-distribution of resources-
social welfare system to bring down the vices of capitalism
o How can you separate values from facts?
Marx
regardless of the systems of production, one group usually establishes dominance over the other groups
Max Weber
people that share similar positions in life- He uses lifestyle= as derived from life choices
Marx
his Communist Manifesto also advocated for a classless society. Recall he maintained that inequality and conflict were inherent in the Capitalist made of production – (The Capital vs Wage Worker) Labor surplus allows the Capitalist remuneration to Capital.
What if the capitalist paid the wage worker his true value?
Marx believed this would lead to a classless society.
A classless society may have no need for the state, he concluded.
Macro theories
- Functionalism
- Conflict Theory
Micro theories
- Symbolic interactionism
- Social learning theory
- George H. Mead
o Self
“I” vs “Me”
Me
* Enables us to socialize
o Significant others (friends, family, peers)
o Generalized others (frat/sorority)
o Self concept
Concepts
- Social status- position
+Ascribed – given to you
+Archived- earned - Roles – duties
+Role conflict- when role on 2 or more statuses clash
+Role strain- when roles are the same status clash - obligation – responsibility
- social interactive ( mutally influenced each others behaviors)
Frends theory of personality development over personality consists of 3 parts
The ID 0-1 ½ years (age)- inate and uncontrollable
Ego 2-3 yrs- age of consciousness (consequences of action)
Super Ego 4-5- age of consciousness (morality-right vs wrong)
Concludes that our personality is therefore completely formed at abt 4-5 yrs of age
Psycho-social theory of personality development
-our personality continues to develop throughout the life-cycle
Via- what is Known as crisis
Identified-
1) crisis of early childhood
2) crisis of middle childhood
3) crisis of adolescence
4) crisis of adulthood
5) crisis of old age
Self- I vs Me
Me-(socialized)
It is the “me” that enables us to engage in socialization and “role-taking”
As children are not passive participants in their social environment
Looking Glass- self
Charles Cooley
We use others as mirror images of ourselves
b. Karl Marx and Max Weber
i. Crime may serve beneficial functions to society
1. Positive
a. Clarifies norms
b. Increases social integration
c. Promotes social change
2. Negative
a. Frodes Trust
b. Victimization
c. Cost to society- human lives, property, incarceration, etc
Social Structures
- Social status
- Roles
- Obligations
- Social interactions
- Bureaucratic Organization(formal organization)
Functions
1. Clear Cut Levels
2. Division of Labor
3. Written Rules
4. Written Communications and Records
5. Impersonality
Dysfunctions
1. Red Tape: A rule is a rule
2. Lack of Communication between Units
3. Bureaucratic Alienation
4. Resisting Alienation
5. The Alienated Bureaucrat
6. Bureaucratic Incompetence
- Under class
aged, disabled, widows
Critique of GNP/capita
- May not always equal income per person
- There may use another Index called the Gini Coefficient
- Claims to provide a more accurate measure of social inequality
Factors that determine disparity in income b/w men and women
- Union distribution of women in occupation
- Women are less likely to be members of labor union
- Women work fewer hours/week
- Women work in Pink Collar jobs (few benefits)
- Sex discrimination
- Mommy track (maternity leave)
- Perception of women as weak managers
- Glass Ceiling
Patterns & Gender Inequalities
- Politics – Gap closing soon
- Education- gap is closing because more women graduate than men (2011) and more women with PhD than men
- Family- independence of women
- Corporations
- Public health
Changing Gender Roles (Alternative Gender Roles of the Future)
- Emergent Pluralism- Traditional exists side- by- side with others pursuing different roles
- Conservative Pluralism- different roles for men and women, but valued equally
- Melting Pot-no important differences
- Assimilation to the Male Model of Success- women encouraged to follow traditional masculine gender roles
- Female Exclusion- a continuation of traditional roles
