seneca Brainscape cards Flashcards
what is phonology?
the study of sounds
what is phonetics?
the study of how sounds are produced.
what is acquisition?
how we gain and acquire language
how many phonemes are there in the English language?
44
what is the vocal tract?
the system where sounds are produced
the difference between the two descriptions of the phonemes….
phonemes can be voiced and unvoiced
vibrations (vocal folds)
what are the parts of the vocal tract called that help to produce sounds called
Artiulators
what is palato-alevoelar?
produced when the tongue is pressed past the alveolar ridge like ‘shoe’
what are velar sounds?
when tongue is touching the soft palate like g ‘green’
what are dental sounds?
sounds produced using the teeth, British standard English only 2 dental sounds. ‘through’ and ‘this’
what are alveolar sounds?
sounds being produced when tongue is pressed against the ridge ‘teeth’.
what are glottal sounds
sounds produced in the glottis ‘house’ and words using the global stop like ‘butter’= ‘bu-er’
the manner of articulation
referring to the way air is forced to work
what are approximant?
manner of articulation
when articulates are Brought together but not fully touching
what are plosives?
quick release of built up air “green’
what are nasals?
release air through nose
what is phonological simplification?
when a child uses techniques to simplify the pronunciation of words.
name the different techniques in phonological simplification
assimilation addition consonant cluster reduction substitution deletion
what is assimilation?
sounds later on have influence of the other sounds of the word eg ‘rabbit’ becomes ‘babbit’.
what is addition?
when a child adds a constant or vowel
what is constant cluster reduction?
when a child reduces a set of constants find together such as ‘spider’ to ider or pider
what is substitution?
child changes one sound for another
what is deletion?
child drops a constanant from words
Berko and Brown
fin-fish phenomenon- child can notice mistakes but can not recognise they are making the mistake, or maybe they can’t pronounce the things properly.
when can a foetus hear sound?
17 weeks
what did Mehler (1988)
French babies had a stronger reaction to French sounds at 4 days old than others.
accustomed to their native language before birth.
what does MAK hallidays theory state?
child will learn language to achieve things.
what are the 7 functions of language? MAK Halliday
instrumental- basic needs
regulatory- to get people to do something
interactional- interact with others
personal- explores identity
heuristic- explore the word that surrounds the child
imaginative- used to be imaginative
representational- lang used for facts
what are the three categories Rescorla defined when talking about the overextending of words?
categorical
analogical
relational
what does categorical mean in terms of overextending?
child uses one word to describe everything in a category. (hypernym)
(hyponym is the more specific)
what does analogical mean?
child uses a word to describe something that is physically or visually similar. eg calling a van a car.
what does relational mean?
using a word that has some relation to what should actually be used (calling a horse a cow)
what are lexical words?
carry some form of meaning (content or open class words)
what are grammatical words?
serve a cohesive purpose holding sentence together.
Have a function.
what is the holophrastic stage?
children speaking using single words (holophrases)
when does the holophrastic stage occur?
9-18 months
do holophrases encompass many meanings and moods?
yes
what are the word class of holophrases predominantly?
nouns
what is the two word phrase?
utterances of one two words
when does the two word phrase occur?
18-24 month old
do syntaxes occur in the two word phrase?
yes
what is the telegraphic stage?
when a child’s speaking using utterances with just enough info
when does the telegraphic stage occur?
24 to 30 months
are a wider range of word classes acquired in the telegraphic stage?
yes
what happens from 2.5 years to 5 years? (post-telagraphic stage)
rapid expansion, more frequent adjectives
complex utterance stage
what is negation?
child starts to front negatives in the holophrastic and two word stage
telegraphic stage= place negatives before main word
after that it is almost always correct.
what is a morpheme?
a meaningful morphological unit of a language that cannot be further divided eg ‘in’ ‘come’
who created the theory that children learn language through positive and negative reinforcement?
B.F. Skinner
what assists with positive and negative reinforcement?
tone of voice ands paralinguistic features
what are paralinguistic features?
spoken communication that do not involve words such as body movement
when spotting this in an exam how would you do it?
looking for when caregivers repeat something or reinforce utterances
what do interactionalists believe?
child is born as a tabula rasa
learns lang with interactions with caregiver
what part of the nature vs nurture debate do interactionalist argue for?
nurture
what is child directed speech?
the processes of talking to a child.
what does Bruner believe?
child must interact with a caregiver in order to learn
created a system he calls LASS
what does LASS stand for?
Language (language acquisition support system)
what is the LASS system designed to do?
to ‘scaffold’ a Childs learning= helping them use language more accurately.
who carried out the case study of JIM?
Bard and Sachs
what was the JIM case study about?
parents deaf
although he was exposed to radio and tv he passed critical period and had difficulties speaking, interactions with a speech therapist improved this.
what does the JIM case study conclude?
proves there is a need for interaction.
what did lenneburg say about the critical period?
period of time in which a child best learns language
who coined the term critical period?
Lenneburg
what did snow and Bruner argue?
caregivers may use strategies as part of the scaffolding and CDS processes.
what are the different strategies Bruner and snow proposed?
recasting and reformulation= repeats what child said including things they may have missed out
expansion= making utterance more complex
exaggerated prosodic cues= vary pitch high initiations
expansion= giving more info
overartiulation- stretches out vowel sounds.
who’s work did Chomsky take issue with?
bruner
what does Chomsky question?
how children can produce utterances that are non standard to the point where a parent wouldn’t have said that
who developed the theory of nativism?
noam Chomsky
what does the theory state?
children cannot learn thru imitation of caregivers because they have a ‘poverty of stimulus’ stating that parents essentially do not provide a good enough standard of language
what does LAD stand for?
Language Acquisition Device (Chomsky)- have something inbuilt in their brains to help them learn lang
