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child language acquisition > seneca Brainscape cards > Flashcards

seneca Brainscape cards Flashcards

1
Q

what is phonology?

A

the study of sounds

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2
Q

what is phonetics?

A

the study of how sounds are produced.

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3
Q

what is acquisition?

A

how we gain and acquire language

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4
Q

how many phonemes are there in the English language?

A

44

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5
Q

what is the vocal tract?

A

the system where sounds are produced

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6
Q

the difference between the two descriptions of the phonemes….

A

phonemes can be voiced and unvoiced

vibrations (vocal folds)

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7
Q

what are the parts of the vocal tract called that help to produce sounds called

A

Artiulators

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8
Q

what is palato-alevoelar?

A

produced when the tongue is pressed past the alveolar ridge like ‘shoe’

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9
Q

what are velar sounds?

A

when tongue is touching the soft palate like g ‘green’

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10
Q

what are dental sounds?

A

sounds produced using the teeth, British standard English only 2 dental sounds. ‘through’ and ‘this’

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11
Q

what are alveolar sounds?

A

sounds being produced when tongue is pressed against the ridge ‘teeth’.

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12
Q

what are glottal sounds

A

sounds produced in the glottis ‘house’ and words using the global stop like ‘butter’= ‘bu-er’

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13
Q

the manner of articulation

A

referring to the way air is forced to work

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14
Q

what are approximant?

A

manner of articulation

when articulates are Brought together but not fully touching

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15
Q

what are plosives?

A

quick release of built up air “green’

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16
Q

what are nasals?

A

release air through nose

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17
Q

what is phonological simplification?

A

when a child uses techniques to simplify the pronunciation of words.

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18
Q

name the different techniques in phonological simplification

A 
assimilation
addition
consonant cluster reduction 
substitution 
deletion
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19
Q

what is assimilation?

A

sounds later on have influence of the other sounds of the word eg ‘rabbit’ becomes ‘babbit’.

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20
Q

what is addition?

A

when a child adds a constant or vowel

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21
Q

what is constant cluster reduction?

A

when a child reduces a set of constants find together such as ‘spider’ to ider or pider

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22
Q

what is substitution?

A

child changes one sound for another

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23
Q

what is deletion?

A

child drops a constanant from words

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24
Q

Berko and Brown

A

fin-fish phenomenon- child can notice mistakes but can not recognise they are making the mistake, or maybe they can’t pronounce the things properly.

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25
Q

when can a foetus hear sound?

A

17 weeks

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26
Q

what did Mehler (1988)

A

French babies had a stronger reaction to French sounds at 4 days old than others.
accustomed to their native language before birth.

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27
Q

what does MAK hallidays theory state?

A

child will learn language to achieve things.

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28
Q

what are the 7 functions of language? MAK Halliday

A

instrumental- basic needs

regulatory- to get people to do something

interactional- interact with others

personal- explores identity

heuristic- explore the word that surrounds the child

imaginative- used to be imaginative

representational- lang used for facts

29
Q

what are the three categories Rescorla defined when talking about the overextending of words?

A

categorical
analogical
relational

30
Q

what does categorical mean in terms of overextending?

A

child uses one word to describe everything in a category. (hypernym)
(hyponym is the more specific)

31
Q

what does analogical mean?

A

child uses a word to describe something that is physically or visually similar. eg calling a van a car.

32
Q

what does relational mean?

A

using a word that has some relation to what should actually be used (calling a horse a cow)

33
Q

what are lexical words?

A 
carry some form of meaning
(content or open class words)
34
Q

what are grammatical words?

A

serve a cohesive purpose holding sentence together.

Have a function.

35
Q

what is the holophrastic stage?

A

children speaking using single words (holophrases)

36
Q

when does the holophrastic stage occur?

A

9-18 months

37
Q

do holophrases encompass many meanings and moods?

A

yes

38
Q

what are the word class of holophrases predominantly?

A

nouns

39
Q

what is the two word phrase?

A

utterances of one two words

40
Q

when does the two word phrase occur?

A

18-24 month old

41
Q

do syntaxes occur in the two word phrase?

A

yes

42
Q

what is the telegraphic stage?

A

when a child’s speaking using utterances with just enough info

43
Q

when does the telegraphic stage occur?

A

24 to 30 months

44
Q

are a wider range of word classes acquired in the telegraphic stage?

A

yes

45
Q

what happens from 2.5 years to 5 years? (post-telagraphic stage)

A

rapid expansion, more frequent adjectives

complex utterance stage

46
Q

what is negation?

A

child starts to front negatives in the holophrastic and two word stage
telegraphic stage= place negatives before main word
after that it is almost always correct.

47
Q

what is a morpheme?

A

a meaningful morphological unit of a language that cannot be further divided eg ‘in’ ‘come’

48
Q

who created the theory that children learn language through positive and negative reinforcement?

A

B.F. Skinner

49
Q

what assists with positive and negative reinforcement?

A

tone of voice ands paralinguistic features

50
Q

what are paralinguistic features?

A

spoken communication that do not involve words such as body movement

51
Q

when spotting this in an exam how would you do it?

A

looking for when caregivers repeat something or reinforce utterances

52
Q

what do interactionalists believe?

A

child is born as a tabula rasa

learns lang with interactions with caregiver

53
Q

what part of the nature vs nurture debate do interactionalist argue for?

A

nurture

54
Q

what is child directed speech?

A

the processes of talking to a child.

55
Q

what does Bruner believe?

A

child must interact with a caregiver in order to learn

created a system he calls LASS

56
Q

what does LASS stand for?

A

Language (language acquisition support system)

57
Q

what is the LASS system designed to do?

A

to ‘scaffold’ a Childs learning= helping them use language more accurately.

58
Q

who carried out the case study of JIM?

A

Bard and Sachs

59
Q

what was the JIM case study about?

A

parents deaf
although he was exposed to radio and tv he passed critical period and had difficulties speaking, interactions with a speech therapist improved this.

60
Q

what does the JIM case study conclude?

A

proves there is a need for interaction.

61
Q

what did lenneburg say about the critical period?

A

period of time in which a child best learns language

62
Q

who coined the term critical period?

A

Lenneburg

63
Q

what did snow and Bruner argue?

A

caregivers may use strategies as part of the scaffolding and CDS processes.

64
Q

what are the different strategies Bruner and snow proposed?

A

recasting and reformulation= repeats what child said including things they may have missed out

expansion= making utterance more complex

exaggerated prosodic cues= vary pitch high initiations

expansion= giving more info

overartiulation- stretches out vowel sounds.

65
Q

who’s work did Chomsky take issue with?

A

bruner

66
Q

what does Chomsky question?

A

how children can produce utterances that are non standard to the point where a parent wouldn’t have said that

67
Q

who developed the theory of nativism?

A

noam Chomsky

68
Q

what does the theory state?

A

children cannot learn thru imitation of caregivers because they have a ‘poverty of stimulus’ stating that parents essentially do not provide a good enough standard of language

69
Q

what does LAD stand for?

A

Language Acquisition Device (Chomsky)- have something inbuilt in their brains to help them learn lang

child language acquisition (1 decks)

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