Sending and Receiving messages Flashcards
Written, verbal, or recorded information that is meant to be received by an audience
Message
Communication comes from what latin word
Communicare, which means to share
Enumerate the components of the message and their function
Information source- one whi creates the message
Message - Sent by the source and received by the destination
Transmitter - the objects or actions that relay the message
Channel - Could be air, light, electricity, radio, paper, and postal systems
Signal - Element that flows through a channel
Noise - Secondary signals that obscure or confuse the carried
Receiver - The object that accepts the signal
Destination- the one who consumes the and processes the message
A general model of the communication process that couldbe treated as the common ground of several disciplines
Active model
Information source -> transmitter -> Channel (<- Noise) -> Receiver -> Destination
Focuses on the role of the intermediary (gatekeepers) in the communication process
Intermediary model
Information source -> Gatekeeper -> Audience
Able to become bridges or liasons, and shape organizations through their selective sharing of information
Gatekeepers
Destination provide feedback on the mes sages they receive, so that informations sources can adapt their messages in real time
Interactive
Model
Information source -> transmitter -> channel (interrupted by noise ) -> receiver -> destination -> back to information source in form of feedback
Acknowledges that communication is a simultaneous process
Transactional model
also puts into consideration that people both create and consume messages, as well as recognizes how the type of channel can affect meaning
A to be b to a encode w language -> message in medium -> receive and interpret
Communication is a product of a set of complex interactions between its primary constituents
Ecological Model
deals with decisions that have to do with shaping the message.
Technical Level
It includes figuring out the best way to talk to a particular group, choosing the medium, promotions, and even pricing. It chooses all the basic, critical details like language and copy, strategy, as well as determining the intended audience.
deals with shaping the message and filtering it through culture, universal signs, images, texture, and anything “human.” At this stage the designer encodes the message in a language that they think is best understood by the intended audience.
Semantic Level
Often tied to user feedback, and an important consideration in any communication. This is simulated through several research methods and techniques - focus groups, survey, simulation, sales figures etc.
deals with actual behavior
Effectiveness
How to have clarity?
- Using politically loaded images and signs, without careful thought, can reduce the clarity of the communication. Especially these days when everything can be politicized
- deliberately choose the composition of our materials so they do not offer a layer of unintended meaning.
- using opposing concepts, can also reduce the clarity of the communication
noise caused by smudging, bad workmasnship, poor reception
Technical noise
noise where user misunderstands the message
noise on semantic level
noise when message is drowned by other messages or how the audience experiences the message
noise on effectiveness level
Theory that states the media organizations have the ability to shape the general sentiment of the public by defining what gets covered in the news, to what extent, and for how long. organizations have their own objectives for pushing specific stories
Agenda-setting theory
activity of media in proposing the values and standards by which objects of media attention can be judged.
priming
states that every issue or story told is coming from an intentional angle or perspective. News and stories are rarely objective - they just seem like it. It’s not an exact representation of reality, but a reconstruction and version of reality.
extension of agenda setting, talks about how media focuses attention on certain events and then places them within a field of meaning. Content is narrowed and pre-planned in its contextualization.
Framing Theory
when the media determines the agenda for which stories are considered important
Media Agenda setting
both public and media agendas influence the decisions of public policymakers
Policy agenda setting
when the public determines the agenda for which stories are considered important
Public Agenda setting
Internal factors such as editors,
personal agenda, etc.
external factors ratings,
advertisers, clout, etc.
Frame Building
Connotations/ Denotations
Metaphors, Myths
Media itself
Frame Setting
Media and forms add another layer of meaning making
Repeated mediation of equivalent sensory configurations by another technical medium
Transmediation can involve both media form and media content
Transmediation
Re-mediation
