Semmelweis Uni test Flashcards
Cardiac Anatomy & Physiology
What are the main structures of the heart and their functions?
Right Atrium, Right Ventricle, Left Atrium, Left Ventricle and Valves
Cardiac Anatomy & Physiology
What does the Right Atruim do?
Receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the superior and inferior vena cava.
Cardiac Anatomy & Physiology
What does the Right Ventricle do?
Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery for oxygenation.
Cardiac Anatomy & Physiology
WHat does the Left Atrium do?
Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the pulmonary veins.
Cardiac Anatomy & Physiology
What does the left Ventricle do?
Pumps oxygenated blood to the body through the aorta.
Cardiac Anatomy & Physiology
What are the types of Vaulves
Tricuspid valve
Pulmonary valve
Mitral valve
Aortic Valve
Cardiac Anatomy & Physiology
Where is the Tricuspid Valve?
Between right atrium and right ventricle.
Cardiac Anatomy & Physiology
Where is the Pulmonary Valve?
Between right ventricle and pulmonary artery.
Cardiac Anatomy & Physiology
Where is the Mitral Valve?
Between left atrium and left ventricle.
Cardiac Anatomy & Physiology
Where is the Aortic Valve
Between left ventricle and aorta.
Cell Structure & Function
What are the main organelles in a human cell and their functions?
Nucleus, Mitochondris, Ribosomes, Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), Goigi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Cytoplasm
Cell Structure & Function
What is the Nucleus?
Contains genetic material (DNA), controls cell activities and protein synthesis.
Cell Structure & Function
What is the mitochondria?
Powerhouse of the cell; responsible for energy production (ATP) through cellular respiration.
Cell Structure & Function
What is a ribosome
Synthesize proteins based on genetic instructions from the mRNA.
What are the two types of Endoplasmic Retuculum (ER)
Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes; involved in protein synthesis and folding.
Smooth ER: Synthesizes lipids, detoxifies chemicals, and stores calcium.
What does the Golgi Apparatus do?
Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or use in the cell.
What do lysosomes do?
ontain enzymes that digest unwanted cellular materials.
What is cytoplasm
Fluid that surrounds the organelles, allowing for nutrient transport and cellular reactions.
What is homeostasis and how does the body maintain it?
refers to the body’s ability to maintain stable internal conditions (e.g., temperature, pH, glucose levels).
Temperature Regulation: Thermoreceptors detect temperature changes and the hypothalamus triggers sweating or shivering.
Blood Glucose Regulation: Insulin and glucagon regulate glucose levels by promoting either storage or release from the liver.
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Smooth Muscle
What is Skeletal Muscle?
Striated, voluntary control, responsible for body movements.
What is Cardiac Muscle?
Striated, involuntary control, found only in the heart, responsible for pumping blood.
What is smooth Muscle
Non-striated, involuntary control, found in walls of hollow organs (e.g., intestines, blood vessels), involved in movement of substances.
What are the components of blood?
Plasma
Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
White Blood Cells (WBCs)
Platelets
What is the function of Plasma
Contains water, proteins (like albumin), electrolytes, nutrients, hormones, and waste products; serves as the medium for transporting substances.
What is the Function of Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
Contain hemoglobin, transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs.
What is the function of White Blood Cells (WBCs)
Involved in immune response; types include neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils.
What is the function of Platelets
Essential for blood clotting, preventing excessive bleeding.
How does gas exchange occur in the lungs?
Alveoli: Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.
Oxygen diffuses from the alveolar air into the blood in the capillaries.
Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli to be exhaled.
Surfactant: Produced by alveolar cells to reduce surface tension, preventing alveolar collapse.
What is Alveoli
Tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.
What is Surfactant
Produced by alveolar cells to reduce surface tension, preventing alveolar collapse.
What is the basic structure of a neuron
Dendrites
Cell Body
Axon
Myelin Sheath
Synapses
What is Dendrites do
Receive electrical signals from other neurons.
What is a cell body
Contains the nucleus; processes incoming signals.
what does an Axon Do
Transmits electrical impulses away from the cell body to other neurons or muscles.
What is a Myelin Sheath
Fatty layer that insulates the axon and speeds up nerve signal transmission.
What are synapses
Junctions where neurotransmitters are released to transmit signals to neighboring neurons.
What are the major endocrine glands
Pituitary Gland
Thyroid Gland
Adrenal Gland
Pancreas
Gonads
What is the pituitary Gland
Known as the “master gland,” it controls other endocrine glands (thyroid, adrenal, gonads) and secretes hormones like growth hormone.
What is the Thyroid gland
Produces thyroid hormones (T3, T4), which regulate metabolism.
What is the Adrenal Gland
Produce hormones like cortisol (stress response) and aldosterone (fluid balance).
What is the pancreas
Produces insulin (lowers blood glucose) and glucagon (raises blood glucose).
what are the gonads
(Ovaries and Testes) they Produce sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone) responsible for reproduction and secondary sexual characteristics.
What are the key concepts in Mendelian genetics?
Genes
Alleles
Dominant and Recessive Traits
Genotype
Phenotype
what are genes
Units of heredity located on chromosomes, responsible for traits.
what are alleles
Different forms of a gene. For example, a gene for eye color may have alleles for brown or blue eyes.
what is a dominant allele
Expressed even if only one copy is present (e.g., brown eyes).
what is a recessive allele
Expressed only if two copies are present (e.g., blue eyes).
what is genotype
The genetic makeup of an individual (e.g., Bb).
What is Phenotype
The physical expression of the genotype (e.g., brown eyes).
