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Pharmaceutics > Semisolid Dose Forms > Flashcards

Semisolid Dose Forms Flashcards

1
Q

what are 3 dose forms that are considered semisolid dose forms?

A

ointments
creams
gels

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2
Q

what are these dose forms mainly intended for? what other uses do they have?

A

topical application

ophthalmic, nasal, vaginal, or rectal use

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3
Q

what must you consider when making topical products?

A

systemic drug absorption if the patient is pregnant or nursing

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4
Q

why do you have to consider systemic drug absorption for pregnant/nursing women?

A

drugs can enter the fetal blood supply and breast milk and be transferred to the fetus/nursing infant

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5
Q

what are ointments?

A

semisolid preparations intended for external application to the skin or mucous membranes and they may or may not be medicated

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6
Q

what are non-medicated ointments used for?

A

their protective, emollient or lubricating activity

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7
Q

what are ointment bases used for?

A

for their physical effects or as vehicles in medicated ointments

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8
Q

what are the 4 groups of ointment bases?

A

oleaginous bases
absorption bases
water-removable bases
water-soluble bases

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9
Q

what is the use of oleaginous bases?

A

have an emollient effect on the skin, protect against the escape of moisture and are effective as occlusive dressings
they remain on the skin for a long time

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10
Q

why are oleaginous bases hard to wash off?

A

they are immiscible in water

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11
Q

can you incorporate aqueous or water solutions with oleaginous bases?

A

ye, but only in small quantities and with difficulty

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12
Q

what levigating agent could be used to incorporate powders into oleaginous bases?

A

liquid petrolatum (mineral oil)

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13
Q

what are 2 examples of oleaginous bases?

A

white petrolatum USP

vaseline

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14
Q

what are absorption bases?

A

essentially water in oil emulsions

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15
Q

what are the two types of absorption bases? give an example of each

A

1) those that allow incorporation of water to form an emulsion (w/o)
ex: hydrophilic petrolatum
2) those that are already emulsions (w/o)
ex: lanolin

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16
Q

what is the use of absorption bases? (2pts)

A

provide a way of incorporating small volumes of aqueous solutions into hydrocarbon (oleaginous) bases
can be used as emollients, though not as occlusive as oleaginous bases

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17
Q

how do you incorporate aqueous solution into oleaginous bases?

A

incorporate the aqueous solution into the absorption base, and then incorporate this mixture into the hydrocarbon base

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18
Q

what are 2 examples of absorption bases?

A

cold cream

Nivea

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19
Q

what are water-removable bases?

A

essentially oil in water emulsions, easily removed from the skin by washing and can be diluted with aqueous solutions

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20
Q

what are some examples of water-removable bases?

A

hydrophilic ointment USP
dermabase
unibase

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21
Q

what makes water-soluble bases different from the other ointment bases?

A

do not contain and oleaginous components so they are completely water washable and often referred to as greaseless

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22
Q

what are water-soluble bases used for? why?

A

incorporation of solid materials as the addition of water/aqueous solutions will dissolve then and they lose their semisolid consistency

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23
Q

what is an example of a water-soluble base?

A

polyethylene glycol ointment NF

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24
Q

what are the considerations for choosing an appropriate base? (11pts)

A

1) water content
2) water affinity
3) spreadability
4) washability
5) drug incorporation
6) drug release
7) occlusive?
8) absorbed topically or percutaneous
9) stability of drug in base
10) effects of drug on product consistency
11) site of application

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25
Q

what is the water content for each of the ointment bases?

A

ole - anhydrous
abs - hydrous
rem - hydrous
sol - anhydrous/hydrous

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26
Q

what is the water affinity for each of the ointment bases?

A

ole - hydrophobic
abs - intermediate
rem - hydrophilic
sol - hydrophilic

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27
Q

what is the spreadability for each of the ointment bases?

A

ole - difficult
abs - moderate
rem - easy
sol - moderate/easy

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28
Q

what is the washability for each of the ointment bases?

A

ole - no washability
abs - poor washability
rem - washable
sol - washable

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29
Q

what is the drug incorporation for each of the ointment bases?

A

ole - solids/oils
abs - solids/oils/some aqueous
rem - solids/aqueous
sol - solids/aqueous

30
Q

what is the drug release for each of the ointment bases?

A

ole - poor
abs - intermediate
rem - fair
sol - good

31
Q

which of the ointment bases show occlusive properties?

A

oleaginous base
absorption base (intermediate)
water-removable/water-soluble are not occlusive

32
Q

what are the two main methods of preparing an ointment?

A

incorporation

fusion

33
Q

which method is more commonly used for ointment preparation: trituration or spatulation?

A

spatulation

34
Q

what must you do with solids before you incorporate them into the base? why?

A

reduce particle size so the product will not be gritty

35
Q

if you were to levigate the solid that is to be added to the base, what are some requirements for the levigating agent?

A

chemically/physically compatible with the drug and base

36
Q

what levigating agent is best used for bases where the external phase is oil? external phase is water?

A

oil - mineral oil

water - glycerin

37
Q

what method to reduce particle size would you use for camphor (gummy material)?

A

pulverization by intervention

38
Q

what is pulverization by intervention?

A

the material is dissolved in a solvent (like alcohol) and spread out on the slab and allowed to dry as a thin film. you can then work it into other ingredients by spatulation

39
Q

what tools do you use for preparing an ointment on a glass slab?

A

broad-bladed stainless steel spatula and a smaller version to periodically remove accumulated material from the larger

40
Q

when would you use plastic spatulas instead of metal ones?

A

when a component may react with the metal (ex iodine)

41
Q

what would you use for incorporation of liquids/solutions of drugs: a mortar/pestle or a glass slab? why?

A

mortar and pestle because the liquid is more captive than on a glass slab

42
Q

what two things need to be taken into consideration when mixing the ointment base with a liquid?

A

1) base is compatible with the liquid

2) make sure the volume added is not too large, causing the product to become too semi-liquid

43
Q

how does the fusion method work?

A

some or all of the components are melted together and cooled with stirring until congealed

44
Q

what product components work for fusion and not for incorporation?

A

products containing:
beeswax
stearyl alcohol
high MW polyethylene glycols (PEGs)

45
Q

In what order are the materials melted?

A

start with the material of highest melting point, then move to the material with the next highest melting point

46
Q

why do we add materials in order based on MP?

A

a lower temp is sufficient to achieve fusion since the first melted components exert a solvent effect on the successive materials

47
Q

what is usually the highest temp needed for fusion?

A

70°C

48
Q

what kind of substances must you treat with caution when using the fusion method?

A

volatile and heat liable substances

49
Q

why do you use a water bath for fusion?

A

to avoid excessive heating

50
Q

what should you do if you’re fusing an aqueous and oleaginous mixture?

A

both should be heated separately then combined with stirring

add the aqueous to the oleaginous

51
Q

what are creams?

A

semisolid preparations containing medication dispersed in an emulsion base and after application, the water evaporates leaving a film of the oleaginous components

52
Q

what makes creams more cosmetically acceptable?

A

less greasy and easier to spread/remove

53
Q

when is an ointment preferable over a cream?

A

occlusive action is preferred and the skin is dry/scaly

54
Q

when do you use creams rather than ointments?

A

when the skin is weeping or there are exudates

creams tend to be drying

55
Q

what 2 forms can lotions be found in? what are they typically formulated as?

A

fine suspensions
emulsions
formulated as semi-liquid creams

56
Q

what are pastes?

A

thick, stiff preparations usually with a high content of solid material often to the order of 25%

57
Q

what are pastes used for?

A

absorb serous secretions and as protectants

58
Q

what is an example of a paste being used as a protectant?

A

zinc oxide paste used to treat diaper rash

59
Q

what are plasters/glycerogelatins?

A

archaic products designed for long-term application to the skin

60
Q

what is the difference between plasters and glycerogelatins?

A

plasters - have backing of paper/fabric
glycerogelatins - plastic masses which are heated before use to melt them then paint onto skin where they solidify, then covered with a bandage

61
Q

give an example of a plaster

A

corn plaster

contains salicylic acid that is used for corn removal

62
Q

what have glycerogelatins been used to treat?

A

varicose ulcers

63
Q

what are topical dermatological products usually packaged in?

A

jars or tubes

64
Q

what are rectal, vaginal, and ophthalmic products usually packaged in?

A

tubes

65
Q

describe what ointment jars typically look like/are made of

A

made of glass or plastic

wide mouths with screw caps

66
Q

what are tubes typically made of?

A

aluminum (lined with plastic)

plastic

67
Q

what is the typical size range for ointment jars?

A

15-500mL

68
Q

what is the typical size range for tubes?

A

3-120mL

69
Q

what is included with tubes for rectal/vaginal use?

A

applicator tip

70
Q

how are the jars filled?

A

air entrapment is avoided
product does not touch lid
pack weighted product into jar using spatula (unless made via fusion, then pour)

71
Q

how do you package tubes?

A

weighed material may be rolled in a tube of suitable paper, the roll is inserted into the open end of the tube, then the paper is withdrawn while flattening holding down the edge of the tube
crimp end of tube to seal it

Pharmaceutics (9 decks)

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