Seminar - Endocrine, GI, Urinary, Obstetrics

Question 1

Gland responsible for regulation of the autonomic nervous system and other endocrine glands due to its impact on the pituitary gland.

Answer 1

Hypothalamus

Question 2

“Master” gland that secretes endorphins which act on the nervous system to reduce sensitivity to pain.

Answer 2

Pituitary gland

Question 3

Gland that controls ovulation; helps testes and ovaries produce sex hormones.

Answer 3

Pituitary gland

Question 4

Gland that produces thyroxine and triiodothyronine, which control the rate at which cells burn fuel from food.

Answer 4

Thyroid

Question 5

Gland that is shaped like a “bow tie” or “butterfly” because it has 2 lobes.

Answer 5

Thyroid

Question 6

Glands (4) that produce hormones that function to maintain normal levels of blood calcium and phosphate.

Answer 6

Parathyroid glands

Question 7

Glands that are located on top of each kidney and produce corticosteroids and epinephrine.

Answer 7

Adrenal glands

Question 8

Structure that includes both endocrine and exocrine tissues; functions to produce glucagon and insulin.

Answer 8

Pancreas

Question 9

Structures that provide estrogen and progesterone.

Answer 9

Ovaries

Question 10

Structures that secrete androgens (testosterone) to support sexual development and sperm production.

Answer 10

Testes

Question 11

Hormone that increases HR and force of contraction; increases energy production.

Answer 11

Epinephrine

Question 12

Hormone that causes vasoconstriction in skin, viscera, and skeletal muscles.

Answer 12

Norepinephrine

Question 13

Hormone that increases blood glucose by stimulating conversion of glycogen to glucose.

Answer 13

Glucagon

Question 14

Hormone that decreases blood glucose and increases the storage of fat, protein, and carbs.

Answer 14

Insulin

Question 15

Hormone that increases calcium storage in bone and decreases blood calcium levels.

Answer 15

Calcitonin

Question 16

Hormone that increases uterine contractions and promotes release of milk from mammary glands.

Answer 16

Oxytocin

Question 17

Hormone that increases water reabsorption; increases BP through stimulating contraction of muscles in small arteries.

Answer 17

Antidiuretic hormone

Question 18

Condition: excessive secretion of 1+ hormones under pituitary gland’s control (often growth hormone).

Answer 18

Hyperpituitarism

Question 19

Form of adrenal dysfunction with decreased production of cortisol and aldosterone.

Answer 19

Addison’s Disease

Question 20

Symptoms include metabolic dysfunction, fluid/electrolyte imbalances, hypotension, weakness, anorexia, weight loss, altered pigmentation, shock, possible death.

Answer 20

Addison’s Disease

Question 21

Form of adrenal dysfunction with excessive production of cortisol.

Answer 21

Cushing’s Syndrome

Question 22

Symptoms include persistent hyperglycemia, growth failure, “moon shaped” face, weakness, acne, hypertension, “buffalo hump” at base of neck, mental changes like depression and memory loss.

Answer 22

Cushing’s Syndrome

Question 23

Decreased levels of thyroid hormones; causes slowed metabolic processes, fatigue, weakness, decreased HR, weight gain, constipation, delayed puberty.

Answer 23

Hypothyroidism (includes Hashimoto’s and underdeveloped thyroid gland).

Question 24

Excessive levels of thyroid hormones; causes nervousness, increased sweating, weight loss, increased BP, myopathy, exopthalmos, enlarged thyroid gland.

Answer 24

Hyperthyroidism (most specific cause is Grave’s Disease).

Question 25

Autoimmune disease in which antibodies produced by immune system stimulate the thyroid and cause it to become overactive.

Answer 25

Grave’s Disease

Question 26

Form of diabetes mellitus that is considered insulin-dependent.

Answer 26

Type 1

Question 27

Form of diabetes mellitus in which patient is still able to produce some endogenous insulin

Answer 27

Type 2

Question 28

Exercise considerations for diabetes patients.

Answer 28

• Do not initiate exercises if blood glucose is </= 70 OR 300+ g/dL
• Exercise can cause hypoglycemia - patients should not exercise vigorously within 2 hours of going to sleep.

Question 29

Rehab considerations for GERD patients.

Answer 29

• Recumbent positions exacerbate symptoms.
• Left sidelying is preferred
• Chronic bronchitis, asthma, pulmonary fibrosis may present with GERD.
• Tight clothing, exercise, and constipation can increase GERD symptoms.

Question 30

Loss of urine due to activities that increase intra-abdominal pressure (sneezing, coughing, running, jumping).

Answer 30

Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI)

Question 31

Loss of urine after a sudden, unexpected need to void due to involuntary contraction during bladder filling.

Answer 31

Urge Urinary Incontinence (UUI)

Question 32

Loss of urine due to dysfunction of the urethra (loses capacity to remain closed as pressure within bladder increases).

Answer 32

Overflow Urinary Incontinence (OUI)

Question 33

Loss of urine due to inability or unwillingness patient to use restroom prior to involuntary bladder release.

Answer 33

Functional Urinary Incontinence (FUI)

Question 34

Separation of rectus abdominis muscle along the linea alba that can occur during pregnancy.

Answer 34

Diastasis Recti

Question 35

Bladder dysfunction caused by damage to cerebral control.

Answer 35

Neurogenic bladder

Question 36

Symptoms of neurogenic bladder

Answer 36

Frequent UTIs, leakage of urine, inability to empty bladder, loss of urge to urinate when bladder is full.

Question 37

Symptoms of hypoglycemia

Answer 37

Sweating, shakiness/trembling, nervousness/irritability, hunger, headache, increased HR, blurred vision, slurred speech, shallow respirations, confusion, convulsions, coma.

Question 38

Symptoms of hyperglycemia

Answer 38

Thirst, weakness, nausea/vomiting, flushed skin, deep/rapid respirations, weak pulse, fruity breath smell.