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semester 2 > seminar > Flashcards

seminar Flashcards

1
Q

hypo- prefix

A

abnormally low

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2
Q

hyper-prefix

A

abnormally high

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3
Q

erythro-prefix

A

red blood cells

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4
Q

leuko-prefix

A

white blood cells

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5
Q

thrombo-prefix

A

platelets

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6
Q

-cytosis suffix

A

higher than the usual number of cells

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7
Q

-penia suffix

A

lower the the usual number of cells

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8
Q

-natremia suffix

A

sodium level

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9
Q

-kalemia suffix

A

potassium level

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10
Q

-calcemia suffix

A

calcium level

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11
Q

leukocytosis

normal range and what it indicates

A

higher then the usual number of white blood cells
(normal is 4.5-11)
indicates infection

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12
Q

what is hematocrit?

A

percentage of blood cells to total blood volume

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13
Q

hematocrit levels: women

crit, like crit rate%

A

37-47%

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14
Q

hematocrit levels: men

A

41-53%

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15
Q

hematocrit levels: infant

A

at birth: 44-60%

at 6 months: 35-50%

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16
Q

causes of high HCT

A

severe dehydration, Polycythemia Vera, congenital heart defects, COPD, burns, living in high altitudes

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17
Q

dangers of high HCT

A

vascular occlusion, thrombosis, thromboembolism

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18
Q

causes of low HCT

A

anemia, hemorrhage, hemolysis, cirrhosis, certain blood cancers, can be normal during pregnancy, hemodilution (fluid overload)

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19
Q

hemoglobin normal values: women

A

12-16 g/dL

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20
Q

hemoglobin normal values: male

A

14-18 g/dL

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21
Q

causes of high HGB

A

hemoconcentration, polycythemia vera, congenital heart disease, burns, living at high altitudes, heavy smoking

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22
Q

complications of high HGB

A

vascular occlusion, thrombosis, thromboembolism

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23
Q

causes of low HGB

A

anemia, hemorrhage, hemolysis, splenomegaly, neoplasm, may be normal during pregnancy

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24
Q

dangers of low HGB

A

can be an indication of cancer, internal bleeding, you may not know until the lab is drawn

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25
Q

S/S low hemoglobin

A

1: FATIGUE, pallor, petechial, purpura, abnormal bleeding

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26
Q

urine specific gravity level

A

1.005-1.030

elevated indicates urine is concentrated, decreased indicates urine is dilute

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27
Q

urine specific gravity

aka SG, SpGr, SpecGrav

A

how concentration of particles in urine. a reliable indicator of how well kidneys are able to concentrate urine

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28
Q

causes of increased specific gravity

A

dehydration, diabetes mellitus (because large amount of glucose dissolved in urine, because water follows sugar and salt)

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29
Q

causes of decreased urine specific gravity

A

kidney disease, diabetes insipidus

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30
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

a disease where the hormone vasopressin (AKA anti-diuretic hormone) production, storage, or release is decreased causing the patient to void LARGE quantities of DILUTE urine
vasopressin helps prevent loss of water from the body by reducing urine output and helping the kidneys reabsorb water into the body
can develop following a head injury or when there is damage to the hypothalamus or pituitary glad also sometimes in pregnancy
blood sugar is normal

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31
Q

causes of increased ESR

A

inflammatory disease, acute or chronic infection, autoimmune disease (Rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, systemic lupus E, inflammatory bowel disease, MS, type I diabetes), infarction or tissue necrosis, advanced neoplasms

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32
Q

ESR

A

erythrocyte sedimentation rate. the rate in which RBC settle in plasma or saline over a specific period of time

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33
Q

ESR normal rate: female

A

< or equal 20 mm/hr

34
Q

ESR normal rate: male

A

< or equal 15 mm/hr

35
Q

ESR normal rate: children

A

< or equal to 10 mm/hr

36
Q

Sodium levels

A

135-145 mEq/L

37
Q

Hypernatremia symptoms

A

Fever, tachycardia, diabetes insipidus, diabetes with polyuria, diarrhea and excessive sweating

38
Q

Hyponatremia

A

Lethargy, confusion, cerebral edema, seizure, coma, PE, thirst, fever, looking dehydrated

39
Q

Hypertension Stage 1 Range

A

130-139 /OR/ 80-89

40
Q

Hypertension Stage 2 Range

A

140 or higher / OR / 90 or higher

41
Q

Hypertensive Crisis Range

A

higher than 180/higher than 120

42
Q

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) Normal Value

A

10-20 mg/dL

43
Q

Creatinine Range

A

female: 0.5-1.1 mg/dL
male: 0.6-1.2 mg/dL

44
Q

What is the definition of pre-hypertension and what are the values used to define?

A

Blood pressure between 120-129 AND diastolic less than 80

45
Q

What is the definition of pre-hypertension and what are the values used to define?

A

Blood pressure between 120-129 systolic AND diastolic less than 80

46
Q

High Blood Pressure Stage 1 Range

A

Systolic 130-139 OR diastolic between 80-89

47
Q

High Blood Pressure Stage 2 Range

A

Systolic above 140 OR diastolic 90 or higher

48
Q

Hypertensive Crisis Range

A

Systolic higher than 180, and/or diastolic above 120

49
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Bottom-Top

A

physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self actualization

50
Q

Erickson’s Stages of Development: Infancy

A

age 0-1, trust vs mistrust

51
Q

Erickson’s Stages of Development: Toddler

A

Age 1-2, autonomy/independence vs shame/guilt

52
Q

Erickson’s Stages of Development: Early Childhood

A

age 2-6, initiative vs guilt

53
Q

Erickson’s Stages of Development: Elementary and Middle School Years

A

age 6-12, competency vs inferiority

54
Q

Erickson’s Stages of Development: Adolescence

A

Age 12-18, identity vs role confusions

55
Q

Erickson’s Stages of Development: Young Adulthood

A

Age 19-40, intimacy vs isolation

56
Q

Erickson’s Stages of Development: Middle Adulthood

A

Age 40-65, generativity vs stagnation

57
Q

Erickson’s Stages of Development: Older Adulthood

A

Age 65-death, integrity vs despair

58
Q

BUN normal range for adults

A

10-20 mg/dL

59
Q

Creatinine normal range for adults

A

female: 0.5-1.1 mg/dL
male: 0.6-1.2 mg/dL

60
Q

Causes for elevated BUN/Renal Azotemia

A

Poor perfusion
pre-renal causes: reduced renal flow, excessive protein ingestion, starvation, sepsis
renal causes: renal failure, renal disease, nephrotoxic drugs
post-renal causes: obstruction in the urinary tract

61
Q

causes for elevated creatinine

A

glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, nephritis, reduced renal flow, diabetic nephropathy, rhabdomyolysis, acromegaly/gigantism

62
Q

acceptable HDL levels in a healthy adult

A

female >40
male >50
optimal >60

higher the number the lower the risk

63
Q

acceptable LDL levels in a healthy adult and a patient with heart disease

A

optimal for a healthy patient is under 100 (includes diabetic and patients at risk for heart disease) (it used to be diabetics only now its everyone under 100)
optimal for a patient with heart disease is under 70

64
Q

total cholesterol levels

A

under 200 is desirable
200-239 is borderline high
over 240 is high

65
Q

triglycerides levels

A

normal: under 150
borderline high: 150-199
high 200-499
very high is over 500

66
Q

Which component of cholesterol is cardio protective and why?`

A

HDL, because it takes LDL, which can build up in the arteries, out of the body

67
Q

How do the recommendations change for total cholesterol, LDL and HDL in a diabetic?

A

it does not anymore, now the old diabetic recommendations are the standard
LDL below 100 is recommended for otherwise healthy and diabetic patients

68
Q

What is an (PT/)INR test used for?

A

used to determine clotting tendency of blood, verifying a warfarin dosage is still safe for a patient, liver damage and vitamin K

69
Q

INR therapeutic range

A

2-3 FOR AMI, AF, PE, DVT, or tissue heart valves

3-4.5 for mechanical heart valve or recurrent embolism

70
Q

What lab is used to monitor heparin use and what is the desired range?

A

HEPARIN: aPTT (ACTIVATED PARTIAL THROMBOPLASTIN)
• RANGE 1.5-2 TIMES THE BASELINE
• REVERSAL AGENT IS PROTAMINE SULFATE

71
Q

reversal agent for coumadin

A

vitamin K

72
Q

List the transmission route and whether there is a vaccine for Hepatitis A

A

fecal-oral. Very contagious, but there is a lifelong vaccine that begins at age 1 and recommended for people traveling out of the country, IV drug users, homeless patients, and gay men

73
Q

List the transmission route and whether there is a vaccine for Hepatitis B.

A

Transmission route: percutaneous, mucosal, or non-intact skin exposure to infection blood, semen, and other body fluids. Primary via birth, sexual contact, sharing injection drug. There is a vaccine available.

74
Q

List the transmission route and whether there is a vaccine for Hepatitis C.

A

Direct percutaneous exposure to infectious blood, mucous membranes, exposures to blood, primarily though sharing injection drug equipment, through birth, sexual contact, needle sticks and unregulated tattooing. There is no vaccine. Treatment: liver transplant and antivirals

75
Q

List the transmission route and whether there is a vaccine for Hepatitis D

A

Only occurs in people who are infected with hep B. It is an incomplete virus that requires Hep B in order to infect a person. No vaccine available, but get the vaccine for B.

76
Q

List the transmission route and whether there is a vaccine for Hepatitis E

A

Very rare in the US. route is fecal-oral, contaminated water supply in countries with poor sanitation, uncooked and undercooked pork, boar, and venison. There is not a vaccine available in the US

77
Q

List the main symptoms of hepatitis (in general) and expected lab changes for patients with hepatitis

A

Jaundice, icteric sclerae, fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea/vomiting, abdominal pain, joint pain, dark urine, clay-colored stool, diarrhea (HAV only).

78
Q

What is the therapeutic dig level

A

0.5-2 ng/mL. Drawn 6-8 hours after dose. Very important that it is NANOgram not milligram

79
Q

What are signs of dig toxicity

A

Bradycardia, tachycardia, hypotension, headache, fatigue, confusion, seizures, anorexia, visual changes, yellow or green tinted vision, halo vision. antidote is Digifab.

80
Q

What is the normal gastric pH

A

1.5-3.5

81
Q

What is the normal lung pH?

A

7.38-7.42

semester 2 (3 decks)

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