Semi Finals Flashcards
Luminometer lacks in
Light source
Chemiluminiscence is measured through
Luminometer
In indirect IFA what is the composition of the reaction
Solid phase ab + ab from sample + fluoroscenated anti Ig
Name 4 fluorochromes
Fluorescein thioisocyanate
Phycocyanin
Texas red
Tetramethyl rhodamine
Adavantage of indirect IFA
Higher sensitivity
In direct IFA, what viral agent that is positive for cell surface antigen
Chlamydia
Disadvantage of indirect IFA
Queching (lowered flouroscence)
EMIT stands for
Enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique
3 viruses being detected in Direct IFA
HSV, EBV, CMV
It uses fluoroscent compound
Fluorescence immunoaasay
Developed EMIT
Syva corporation
This utilizes membrane bound cassetes
Rapid immunoassay
Labels being used in fluorecence immunoassay
Fluorophores or fluorochromes
Assay that Detects patient’s antibody
Capture assay
Purpose of washing?
To remove unbound antibody
Principle of pregnancy testing
Immunochromatography
Instrument used in direct IFA
Cell flow cytometry
A heterogenous enzyme immunoassay that is also known as Indirect ELISA
Non competitive heterogenous enzyme immunoassay
Enzymes used in EIA
HPO, ALP, glucose oxidase
It requires washing to remove unbound antibody
Heterogenous immunoassay
Advantage of enzymes when being utillized in EIA
Highly stable
Extreme specifity
Cant be altered by inhibitors
Immunassay that uses radioactive substances
Radioimmunoassay
Most common enzyme used in EIA
HPO
Type of immunoassay that reagents are simultaenously being added
Competitive immunoaasay
It uses enzymes as labels
Enzyme immunoassay
2 radioactive substances measured at the beta counter
14 carbon
3 hydrogen
Sandwhiched antigen by antibody
Capture assay
In vivo sensitization
DAT
Instrument used in radioimmunoassay
Scintillation counter
Used to check results in IAT
Check cells
It uses labels to detect serological reactions
Labelled immunoassay
2 radioactive substance that is measure at the gamma counter
131 Iodine
125 Iodine
Postive result in agglutination inhibition
No agglutination
Examples of DAT
HDN
HTR
AIHA
Type of immunoassay that competes for binding site
Competitive immunoaasay
The carrier in coagglutination
Bacteria
Requirement for IAT?
Incubation
In vitro sensitization
IAT
Region of HCG detected in pregnancy testing
Beta region
In reverse agglutination what is being detected
Antibody
Relationship in non competitive immunoassay
Direct proportional
AKA coombs test
Anti human globulin test
In coagglutination the FC binds to what part of S. Aureus
Protein A
It uses bacteria as the carrier
Coagglutination
Antigen are artificially attached to the carrier
Passive agglutination
What is being detected in passive agglutination
Antigens
Antigen are found naturally found on the surface of the particles
Direct agglutination
Widal test is used to detect what type of pathologic condition
Thypoid fever
Test performed to detect rickettsia infection
Weil felix
Numerous clumps
2+
Antibodies are attached to particulate carriers
Reverse agglutination
Other name of coombs cells
Check cells
It promotes the process of agglutination
Enchancement media
Used to ddetect mycoplasma pneumoniae infection
Cold agglutination
Biggest Immunoglobulin
IgM
Uses of IAT?
Cross matching
Ab Identification
Ab screen
Principle of blood typing
Red cell hemeagglutination
One solid clump
4+
Provides positive ion
Albumin 5-30%
Questionable result in agglutination
1+
Negative result in agglutination inhibition
Agglutination
Used to serotype salmonella spp.
Kauffmanand white scheme
In agglutination reaction, antigen involved are
Particulate
Transplacental immunoglobulin
IgG
It destroys the sialic acid
Enzymes
It is the initial combination of antigen and antibody
Sensitization
Term used to describe the distance of RBC from one another
Zeta potential
Useful procedures for the identification of monoclonal gamopathy
Immunoelectrophoresis
It provides the negative charge of an RBC
Sialic acid
In agglutination reactions antibody involved are
Agglutinous
Positive result in immunofixation electrophoresis
Precipitin bonds
Invented immunoelectrophoresis
Gravar and williams
Compostition of immunofixation electrophoresis
Immunoprecipitation + electrophoresis
End result in rocket immunoelectrophoresis
Conical shaped precipitin line
Several large clump
3+
Absent canals in immunofixation electrophoresis
Through
Process where the formation of aggregates starts
Lattice phase
Double diffusion, double dimension is also known as
Ouchterlony technique
Used to quantitate immunoglobulins
Rocket electrophoreis
Used to speed things up in electrophoretic procedures
Electric current
Technique wherein both antibody and antigen are moving
Ouchterlony technique
This technique is a first generation test like in HbsAg testing
Ouchterlony testing
Other name of mancini method
End point diffusion
Technique ised to separate molecules using electrical current
Electrophoresis
Other name of Fahey and McKelvey method
Kinetic diffusion
Interpretation of a smooth curve in ouchterlony testing
Identity (complete)
Rocket electrophoresis is a combination of electrophoresis and
RID
Spur formation means
Partial identity
Cancer cells that invades the tissue
Malignant
Intersection formation means
No identity
In oudin test the antibody is incorporated in
Agarose gel
Square of diameter is proportion to the concentration of ag-ab reaction
Mancini method
The end result in radial immunodiffusion
Precipitin ring
Oudin test is AKA
Single diffusion single dimension technique
No electrical current is used
Passive immunodiffusion
Insturment utilized in turbidimetric measurements
Spectrophotometer
Measure light that is scattered in a particular angle
Nephelometry
The optimum ration between antigen and antibody is termed as
Zone of equivalence
End result in oudin test
Precipitin line
Relationship of both turbidimetry and nephelometry
Direct proportional
Instrument used in nephelometry
Nephelometer
Excess in prozone
Antibody
Antigen and antibody are placed on the well dorectly opposite to each other
Counter immunoelectrophoresis
Examples of tertiary immunological reaction
Phagocytosis
Opsonizatio
Excess in postzone
Antigen
Removes water
PEG or dextran
Serum is stored in
Freezer
In precipitation reaction antigens involved are
Soluble
Result that is given in prozone and postzone conditions
False negative
Immunological reaction where it demonstrate antigen and antibody reaction
Secondary reactions
Immunological reaction where the combination of antigen and antibody complex is non visible
Primary immunological reaction
VDRL is used to detect
Syphilis
Chemical way of inactivating serum
Addition of choline chloride
Example of chemical inactivation of serum
Rapid plasma reagin
Used to detect unknown antigen using known antibody
Direct serological test or forward serological test
Red cell is stored in
Ref
Rapid plasma reagin is used to detect what kind of pathologic illness
Syphilis infection
Type of immunological reaction that is immunologically in vivo
Tertiary reaction
Setting for reinactivation of serum
56degrees celcius for 10mins
Test that involves antigen and antibody reaction
Serological test
Type of serologic test wherein known antigen is used to detect unknown antibody
Backward serological test or indirect serological test
Example of forward serological test
RC blood typing
Sugar present in Anti A antisera
N acetyl galactosamine
Sugar present in Anti B antisera
D galactose
Type of cancer treatment wherein antigen are given
Active
Capable of causing agglutination is what kind of immunoglobulin
IgM
Chemiluminiscence is composed of
Chemical reaction and luminal compound
Hormone present in pancreatic gastrinoma
Gastrin
Type of cancer treatment where antibody is given
Passive
Hormone present in carcinoma and trophoblastic tumors
HCG
Carbohydrate antigen present in ovarian cancer
CA-125
Hormone present in medullary thyroid cancer
Calciform
Enzyme present in neural tissue neoplas
NSE
Carbohydrate antigen present in breast cancer
CA 15-3
Enzyme present in prostate cancer
PSA
Cancer cells that doesnt invade the tissue
Benign
Protein present in thyroid carcinoma
Thyroglobulin
Study of antigen and antibody reaction
Serology
Cell surface marker in breast cancer
Estrogen
Cell surface marker in WBC neoplasm
Progesterone
Antigens present in cancer or tumor cells units
Tumor associated antigen
Immune system to eradicate cancer cells
Immunosurveilance
Cancer cells that affects the normal function of the tissue
Malignant
Phagocytic cells involved in imunnosurveilance
NK cells and T lymphocytes
3 mysteries of tumor
Tumor
Lymp node
Metastasis
Physical way of inactivating serum
56degree celcius for 30mins
Enzyme present in bone and liver damage
ALP
Example of bavkward serological test
Serum typing
Measures the reduction in light intensity due to relection, absorption or scatter
Turbidimetry
Causitive agent of thypoid fever
Salmonella spp.
Immunoglobulin present in multiple myeloma and lymphoid malignancies
IgG
Measures the diamter before the reaction is complete
Fahry and McKelvey method
Immune defense factor that is found on saliva and tears
Lysozymes
This are soluble factors that plays a role in defense mechanism of body
Humoral factors
A soluble factor that when activated it will result to cell lysis
Complement protein
Immune defense against intracellular organism
Phagocytosis
Immunity wherein bcells are the major defense
Humoral immunity
Immunity wherein Tcells are responsible for intracellular defense
Cell mediated
A bacterial way inhibiting the immune system involved in avoiding the antibody
Antigenic mutation
A virulent factor that gives the bacteria to block phagocytosis
Capsule
Common targets of bacteria in inhibiting the immune system response
Chemotaxins and opsonins
What is the target in inactivation of the complement cascade
C3b
Lancefiled group classification of S. pyogenes
Group A
This classification is based on the antigenic property of a bacteria
Lancefield group
This are gram positive cocci in chains and catalase negative that resembles Beta hemolysis
Streptococcus pyogenes
Susceptible in bacotracin
S. Pyogenes
Virulence factor of S. pyogenes that inhibits the c3b binding
M protein
The test that differentiates S. pneumoniae from the viridans group
Optochin
Exo antigen that destroys the DNA
Dnase
Exo antigen that destroys clot
Streptokinase
Exo antigen known to be the spreading factor
Hyaluronidase
The most significant exo antigen of S. pyogenes
Streptolysin O
Upper respiratory tract infection caused by S. pyogenes
Pharyngitis
Skin infection of S. pyogenes
Impetigo
Caused by erythrogenic toxin of group ABC streptococcus
Scarlet fever
Test for scarlet fever
Dicks test
2 damaging sequelae of S. pyogenes infection
ARF and PSG
Methods used to detect group A streptococcal antigen
Cell culture EIA Latex agglutination BAP PCR
Test to detect Rheumatoid arthritis
Rose waaler test
Most diagnostically important ab in Group A streptococall Antibody
ASO
Anti dnase b
Anti nadase
Anti hyaluronidase
Principle of ASO testing
Neutralization
Reciprocal of the highest dillution demostrating no hemolysis in ASO testing
Titer
Units used in ASO testing
Todd units
A highly specific test for Group A streptococcal sequalae
Anti DNAse B testing
A excellent screening tool for Group A streptococcal infection
Streptozyme testing
Type of agglutination in streptozyme testing?
Direct agglutination
A gram negative spiral bacteria
Helicobacter pylori
Causitive agent of gastric carcinoma
H. pylori
Causitive agent of ulcer
H. pylori
Causitive agen of gastric and duodenal ulcerations
H. pylori
Virulence factor of H. Pylori
CagA
VacA
Methods used to detect the antigens produce by H. pylori
Cell culture Endoscopy Gastric biopsy Urease biopsy test PCR
Antibodies associated with H. pylori infection
IgG
IgM
IgA
Most common antibody detected in H. pylori infection
IgG
Class of Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Mollicutes
Leading cause of upper respiratory tract infection
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Causitive agent of walking pneumonia
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
AKA Eatons agent
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
A requirement for the successful cultivation of M. pneumoniae
Sterol
Appearance of M. pneumoniae in culture media
Fried egg
Methods in the Detection of M. pneumoniae Antigen
TSB with 0.5 albumin
SP4 medium
Viral transport medium
If a significant delay is expected in proccessing M. pneumonia suspected sample what temperature is required to store the sample
-70degrees celcius
Methods in detecting M. pneumoniae antibodies
Cold agglutinins
EIA
IFA
PCR, NA amplification
Blood group associated with cold agglutinins
I
A rapid method used to detect M. pneumoniae antibodies
Nucleic Acid amplification
Antibodies demonstrated in microbial dx that are manifested by high fever
Febrile Antigens
Antigens used in detecting tularensis
Brucella
Causitive agent of thypoid fever
Salmonella typhi
MOT of Salmonella thyphi
Oral fecal route
Scattered Thypoid fever during the middle ages
Thypoid Mary
Thermolabile antigens of salmonella
H antigen (flagella) K antigen (capsule)
Thermostable antigen of Salmonella
O antigen (somatic)
Lab methods in detecting Salmonella infection
Culture medthod
Widal test
Thypidot
Standard method in detecting thypoid fever
Culture method
A test in salmonella infection wherein IgM and Igzg are detected
Thypidot
A direct agglutination test used to detect salmonella antigens
Widal test
Habitat of salmonella during the first week
Gall bladder
Habitat of salmonella during the 2nd and 3rd week
Urinary bladder
Habitat of salmonella during the fourth week
Instestine
Immunoglobulin present in recent infection of salmonella
IgM
Immunoglobulin that indicates past infections with salmonella
IgG
Specimen of choice during the 1st week of infection of salmonella
Blood
Specimen of choice during the 2nd and 3rd week of infection of salmonella
Urine
Specimen of choice during the fourth week of salmonella infection
Stool
A gram negative coccobacilli
Rickettsia
The 2 distinct groups of rickettsia
Spotted Fever Group
Thypus group
Obligate intracellular parasites and a gram negative coccobacilli
Rickettsia
Anthropods that are associated in rickettsial infection
Ticks
Mice
Lice
Flies
The only rickettsia specie that is true human pathogen
R. prowazeki
Causitive agent of epidemic typhus
R. prowazeki
Sensitive serologic test used in rickketsial infection
IFA
IBA
Micro IF
Gold standard serological test in rickketsial infection
Micro IF
Causitive agent of scrubs
R. tsutsugamuchi
Caustive agent of Q fever
Coxiella burnetii
Causitive agent of rickketsialpox
R. akari
Causitive agent of bullseye rash
B. burgdorferi
B. Burgdorferi is trasmitted via what anthropad
Ticks (ixodes)
1st case of lyme disease was seen in
Lyme connecticut USA
Laboratory diagnosis for lyme disease infection
IFA
EIA
Western blot
PCR
Confirmatory test for lyme disease
Western blot
Causitive agent of leptospirosis
L. interrogans
Infection stage of leptospirosis characterized by fever and headache
Septisemic stage
Infection stage of leptospirosis characterized by jaundice
Immunological stage
Lab diagnosis for leptospirosis
Culture method
Microscopy
Serologic test
Causitive agent of syphilis
T. pallidum subsp. pallidum
Spanish colonizer that is responsible for the transmission of syphilis worldwide
Christopher colombus
Caustive agent of yaws
T. pallidum subsp. pertenue
Causitive agent of bejel
T. pallidum subsp endemicum
Causitive agent of pinta
T. Carateum
Trepnema species are being differentiated by their
Epidemiological and clinical manifestation
Stains used in treponema spp.
Giemsa stain
Gram stain
Virulence factor of Treponema spp that delays immune response
Treponemal rare outer membrane protein (TROMP)
Microscope thst is used to visualize treponema spp
Dark field
Fluorescence microscope
MOT of treponema spp
Sexual intercourse
Parenteral exposure
Congrnital infections
Stage of syphilis characterized by the apperance of hard chancre
Primary syphilis
In primary syphilis, under the dark field microscopy whatis the characteristic of the organism is expected to be visualized
Coiled organism with corkscrew motility
Is antibody present in primary syphilis?
No
Specimen of choice in primary syphilis
Fluid from lesions
Stage of syphilis that is characterized by localized infection
Primary syphilis
Stage of syphilis characterized by generalized lesions
Secondary syphilis
Laboratory diagnos of secondary syphilis
Dark field microscopy
Serologic test
Fluorscence Microscopy
Systemic infection is under what category of syphilis according to its stages
Secondary
Stage of syphilis that is characterized by mucocutaneous and generalized
Secondary syphilis
The appearance of condylomata lata is under what stage of syphilis
Secondary syphilis
Stage of syphilis generally after the 2nd year of infection
Latent syphilis
Characteristic of an idividual with latent syphilis
Asymptomatic
Latent syphilis can only be detected through
Serological test
Non infectious stageof syphilis
Latent syphilis
Sample of choice in latent syphilis
Serum
Stage of syphilis that is characterized by the presence of destrucitve lesions
Tertiary stage
This are destructive lesions seen in tertiary syphilis
Gummas
This are the non infectious stage of syphilis
Latent syphilis
Tertiary syphilis
3 clinical manifestation of tertiary syphilis
Gomatous
Cardiovascular
Neuromuscular
A asymptomatic clinical manifestation of syphilis wherein CNS is involved
Neurosyphilis
Specimen of choice in neurosyphilis
CSF
A clinical manifestation of syphilis caused by maternal spirocherria and transplacental transmission of microorganisms
Congenital syphilis
Composition of the hutchinsonian triad in congenital syphilis
Hutchinsons teeth
Interstitial keratitis
Nerver deafness
The condition wherein there is a deformity of the palate and collapse of nasal bone
Saddle nose deformity
A non treponemal antigen thatis nested from damaged cells its source is cows heart
Cardiolipin
3 main lab diagnosis of syphilis infection
Direct detetction of spirochetes
Non treponemal serological test
Treponemal serological test
A non specific test used to diagnose treponemal spp.
Non treponemal serological test
A specific derological test utilized to detect treponemal spp.
Treponemal serological test
A non treponemal diagnostic marker in syphilis infection
Reagin antibodies
This are very fine particles
Floculation
It is between agglutination and particulation
Floculation
Specimen used in VDRL
Heated Serum and CSF
In VDRL results are read
Microscropically
Reagents used in VDRL
cardiolipin
Lecitin
Cholesterol
The main reagent used to detect reagin
Cardiolipin
Reagent in VDRL that neutralizes the anti complementry property of cardiolipin
Lecithin
Reagent in VDRL that provides adsorption centers to increase reacting surface
Cholesterol
Setting for the rotator in VDRL serum
180rpm for 4mins
180rpm for 8mins
Ring diameter of serum VDRL
14mm
Ring diameter of CSF VDRL
16mm
Depth of CSF VDRL
1.75mm
What is absent in CSF that makes it passive for heating procedure
Complementary protein
Gauge used in qualitative serum
18 gauge
Gauge used in quantitative serum
19 gauge
Gauge used in CSF VDRL
21 or 22 gauge
Type of syringe used to deliver specimen of syphilis
Hamilton syringe
In VDRL reporting how will you interpret no clumps
Non reactive
In VDRL reporting how will you interpret small clumps
Weakly reactive
In VDRL reporting how will you interpret medium to large clump
Reactive
Condition wherein it will give a false positive results in VDRL
SLE RF IM malaria Pregnancy
What will be reported in VDRL testing
Last reactive
It is used to confirmed VDRL test results
Treponemal test
A test for syphilis infection wherein it uses unheated serum
Rapid plasma reagin
In RPR fhe result is read
Macroscopically
Reagent for RPR
Colorless alcoholic solution containing cardiolipin, lecithin, charcoal, choline chloride, thimerosal
Reagent in RPR that allow for easier visualization
Charcoal
Reagent in RPR that is utilized as a preservative
Thimerosal
Rotator setting in RPR
100rpm for 8mins
Ring diameter in RPR
18mm
Antigen delivery needle gauge
20gauge 60drops/mL
Used to detect treponemal antibodies and uses true treponemal antigens
Treponemal serological test
The non pathogenic source of treponemal spp.
Reiter strain
The pathogenic source of treponema spp.
Nichols strain
Principle of FTA-ABS
IF immunoaasay
The reagent antigen in FTA ABS
Nichols strain dried and fixed on slide
What removes the cross reactivity between other treponemes like reiter treponeme that is used in FTA ABS
Absorbent
The test of choice in FTA ABS
Dark field microscopy
The principle of this test is the antibody that is produced against T. pallidum plus Complement protein can immobilize live treponemes
T. pallidum immobilization test
Reagent antigen used in TPI test
Live actively motile T. pallidum organisms
Positive result in TPI testing
> 50% immobilized treponemes
