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Year One: Professional Nursing > Semester Two: PN exam > Flashcards

Semester Two: PN exam Flashcards

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1
Q

What is ‘sociological imagination’?

A

Realising we only have a very limited perspective of the world. We only see what we are exposed to by media, family, culture, school etc. The use of sociological imagination is over coming this and using it to understand other people’s experiences.

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2
Q

Social forces can have a massive impact on individual’s circumstances. What are social forces and what are some examples of these?

A

Social forces are things within society which have the capability of causing cultural change or which have the capability of influencing people.

Examples are:

  • church, religion
  • social movements
  • hobby groups
  • unions
  • law
  • social media
  • family violence and abuse
  • drugs, gangs, crime
  • location
  • media
  • work
  • technology
  • war
  • economy
  • natural diasters
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3
Q

What are the four aspects we use to help with sociological imagination?

A
  1. Hisorical aspects - things in the past that have influenced the present.
  2. Cultural aspects - things in culture that impact our lives/behavior.
  3. Structural aspects - how forms of social organisation shape lives. Includes environment, social structures.
  4. Critical aspects - changes we can make in the future to make things better.
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4
Q

When using sociological imagination, what is an example of historical aspects that we may consider?

(think of iranian woman scenario)

A
  • past experiences
  • language barriers
  • fear of discrimination
  • prior knowledge
  • allergies
  • previous judgement from health care workers
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5
Q

When using sociological imagination, what is an example of cultural aspects that we may consider?

(think of iranian woman scenario)

A
  • religious beliefs
  • cultural views
  • influence of family
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6
Q

When using sociological imagination, what is an example of structural aspects that we may consider?

(think of iranian woman scenario)

A
  • access to transport
  • access to healthcare/education/information
  • housing, who shares the space
  • influence of family
  • finance
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7
Q

When using sociological imagination, what is an example of critical aspects that we may consider?

(think of iranian woman scenario)

A
  • mental health
  • establishing health status of family
  • brochures
  • interpreter (if required)
  • update health records
  • allergies
  • refer to other agencies (WINZ)
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8
Q

Why is it important for nurses to use their sociological imagination?

A
  • helps us not to blame the individual for their situation
  • helps us understand and question why some people are more fortunate than others
  • helps us suggest ways we can change things in our lives, in the lives of clients and society
  • helps over come limited perspective of the world
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9
Q

What are ‘sociological perspectives’?

A

Sociological perspectives are different ways sociologists view society and how it functions.

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10
Q

What are four major sociological perspectives?

A
  • functionalist
  • conflict
  • feminism
  • symbolic interactions
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11
Q

What ideas does the functionalist perspective consist of?

A
  • no one is alone
  • interaction between groups
  • all parts must work together as a whole to function
  • shared values are important
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12
Q

What ideas does the conflict perspective consist of?

A
  • power and control
  • power often associated with wealth
  • conflict and strife is a basic element of society
  • ‘haves vs have nots’
  • may need to use force
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13
Q

What ideas does the feminist perspective consist of?

A
  • gender equality
  • men have more power
  • gender roles
  • allows minority to have a say (gay rights etc)
  • gender issues are the cause of much social ineqailty
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14
Q

What ideas does the symbolic interactions perspective consist of?

A
  • language is important
  • verbal and non verbal communication
  • symbols and communication shape our perception
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15
Q

What is socialisation?

A

The ways in which people learn to conform to their society’s norms, values and roles.

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16
Q

How are people socialised and who by?

A
  • direct instruction
  • imitation or modelling of behaviour
  • reinforcement of particular behaviours

Most people are socialised by

  • family
  • schools
  • peer group
  • mass media
  • religion
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17
Q

What is primary health care?

A

These are services usually offered in the local community. It refers to the health care professionals who act at the first point of consultation. This care is strongly orientated towards prevention. Eg. gp, school nurse.

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18
Q

What is secondary care?

A

The health care provided by medical specialists and other professionals. These people generally do not have first contact with patients. Eg. Urologists, psychiatrists, cardiologists.

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19
Q

What is tertiary care?

A

Highly specialised consultative health care, usually for people in hospital. Usually on referral from primary or secondary health professional. Eg. Cardiac surgery, plastic surgery, treatment for severe burns, and other complex medical and surgical interventions.

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20
Q

What is social justice?

A

Redressing politically, socially and economically unacceptable health inequalities in all countries.

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21
Q

What is equity?

A

The fair distribution of society’s benefits and resources.

It is about distribution of resources according to need.

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22
Q

What is health promotion?

A

The enabling of people to increase control over and improvement of their own health.

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23
Q

What are some roles a nurse plays in primary health care?

A
  • teacher
  • communicator
  • client advocate
  • case manager
  • rehabilitator
  • consultant
  • researcher
  • clinical decision maker
  • caregiver
  • comforter
  • healer
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24
Q

What is health literacy?

A

It’s about people being able to interpret and understand their own health and well-being.

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25
Q

Why is health literacy important?

A

Patients have the right to receive information
Patients have the right to an open and honest environment
Patients have the right to make an education decision

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26
Q

What is the focus of the biomedical model?

A
  • Focus on health as an absence of disease
  • medical focus
  • doctors are regarded as experts
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27
Q

What is the focus of the socio-ecological model of health?

A
  • takes in to account multiple factors (social, emotional, spiritual)
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28
Q

What is the focus of the health promotional model?

A

People need the following things to maintain health:

  • food
  • shelter
  • equity
  • sustainable resources
  • stable eco system
  • peace
  • income
  • social justice
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29
Q

What are the four themes of cultural safety in relation to nursing?

A
  1. The nurse reflects and understands their own cultural identity and recognizes the impact this may have on their own professional practice.
  2. The nurse is open minded and flexible to people who are different to themselves. They are open to difference and respect the other person in the nurse/client relationship.
  3. A shift in power to the client. Partnership in decision making.
  4. The nurse allows the non-dominant party to determine what will be safe practice.
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30
Q

What is considered unsafe practice in relation to cultural safety?

A

Any action which diminishes, demeans or disempowers the cultural identity and well-being of an individual.

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31
Q

What does culture refer to?

A

Culture can be related to age or generation, to gender, to sexual orientation, to occupation and socioeconomic status, to ethnic origin or migrant experience, to religious or spiritual belief and to disability.

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32
Q

Why is cultural safety relevant to nursing practice?

A
  • Cultural safety allows us to become open minded and non-judgemental.
  • Allows us to not blame the victims of historical and social processes for their current situation
  • Recognising that although we have characteristics that we share within groups we all have differences that make us diverse
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33
Q

How did cultural safety come about?

A

1984- Hui at Hoani Waititi Marae to address Maori health issues

1988- Hui at Waimanawa - Attended by Maori nursing students highlighted frequently negative experiences of Maori with health services

Outcome – development of the concept of Cultural safety
Cultural safety became a requirement for nursing and midwifery courses in 1992

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34
Q

What is bi-culturalism?

A

The co-existence of two distinct cultures.
The values and traditions of both cultures are reflected in society’s customs, laws and practices.
Both cultures share control over resources and decision making.

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35
Q

Why is the Treaty of Waitangi important for nurses?

A

it is a requirement as part of the nursing council competencies to have a good understanding of the treaty. You also need a good understanding of the relevance of the treaty to the health of the Maori people in New Zealand, know what has happened historically for Maori and how this has impacted on their health today as a population group. This is shown in competency 1.2

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36
Q

What is colonisation?

A

The loss of sovereignty by one group to another group. The dominant group inevitably dominate the colonised group in political, spiritual, economic, social and psychological ways.

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37
Q

What is assimilation?

A

A pattern of inter-group relations in which a minority group is absorbed into the majority population and eventually disappears as a distinct group.

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38
Q

What date was the Treaty of Waitangi signed?

A

6 of February 1840.

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39
Q

What does “ask me three” mean?

A

It encourages patients to become active members in their health care to provide better outcomes. It is three questions that patients are encouraged to ask. They are:

What is my main problem?
What do I need to do?
Why is it important for me to do this?

40
Q

What are the principals of health literacy?

A

Health information needs to:

  • Provide a purpose
  • Involve the reader.
  • Be easy to read.
  • Look easy to read.
  • Have visuals that clarify what is said and motivate the client to act.
41
Q

What are agencies of socailisation and what are some examples?

A

The groups of people who influence a person’s social development throughout their life

The most familiar are:
Family
Schools
Peer group
Mass media
Religion
42
Q

What are social institutions?

A

Groups of people with statuses and roles designed to perform major social functions. These include schools, courts of law, churches, mosques and health institutions.

43
Q

What is “Better, Sooner, More Convenient Primary Health Care” about?

A

It aims to create better services for patients, through increased collaboration and information sharing of particularly primary (community-based) and secondary (mostly hospital-based) health professionals, creating a more continuous health service.

44
Q

What is the Ottawa charter for health promotion?

A

This charter came up with five major strategies that can assist communities and countries globally to work towards better health outcomes.

45
Q

What are the five strategies according to the Ottawa charter for health promotion?

A
  • Build healthy public policy
  • Create supportive environments
  • Strengthen community action
  • Develop personal skills
  • Re-orient health services
46
Q

What does a SAM tool consist of?

A

A checklist for assessing printed materials. This consists of organisation, writing style, appearance and appeal.

47
Q

What are three models of health?

A
  1. The biomedical model
  2. The socio-ecological model
  3. The health promotional model
48
Q

What are the three principals of The Treaty of Waitangi?

A
  1. Partnership
  2. Participation
  3. Protection
49
Q

What is the Kaupapa Maori approach?

A

Kaupapa maori practice is regarded as a philosophical approach that distinguishes itself through a field of practice and theory and western ideology.
This is where maori language, culture, knowledge and values are accepted. in their own right.

50
Q

What is Te Whare Tapa Wha?

A 
A holistic model of health referred to as the four cornerstones of health:
taha tinana (physical)
taha hinekaro (emotion)
taha whanau (social) 
taha wairua (spiritual)
51
Q

What is Whanou Ora?

A

The use of whanau ora (healthy families) to represent individual health while encompassing the collective of family means.

A need to address connectedness that goes beyond wider family structures to include health, education and social services

52
Q

What is the difference between morality and morbidity?

A

Morality is the death rate. The number of deaths per year from a certain disease or condition.

Morbidity is the the disease rate. The susceptibility of a population to a disease. The number of people diagnosed with the disease.

53
Q

What are the five most common causes of mortality in New Zealand in 2011? (this is the most up to date data)

A

Cancer, Ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes and intentional self harm.

54
Q

What are the most common types of cancer that cause morality in NZ?

A

Lung cancer, gastro-intestinal cancers, breast, prostate and pancreatic cancers.

55
Q

In NZ, what are the cancers with the highest morbidity rate?

A

Prostate cancer and breast cancer.

56
Q

What is “social stratification”?

A

A society’s system for ranking people hierarchically according to such attributes as wealth, power and prestige.

57
Q

What are the two types of stratification?

A

Closed stratification system
Rigid boundaries allow for no movement between social layers.

Open stratification system
Individuals, families and even communities can move from one social layer to another.

58
Q

What is absolute poverty?

A

It is when the income is not sufficient to supply a family or individual with enough food and other basics to sustain health and energy to conduct life.

59
Q

What is relative poverty?

A

It is when people lack the minimum amount of income needed in order to maintain the average standard of living in the society in which they live. Relative poverty is considered the easiest way to measure the level of poverty in an individual country.

60
Q

What is deviance?

A

Nonconformity with social norms or expectations. Often used in relation to moral, religious, or political norms.

61
Q

How is power defined?

A

Our capacity as human beings to act, to influence the actions of others, and to shape the processes of interactions between people.

62
Q

What is structural power?

A

Structural power refers to the power of the state and dominant social groups.

63
Q

What are micro notions of power?

A

Micro notions of power refer to the power relations that exist between people, every day, everywhere, in all social relationships

64
Q

What is coercion?

A

Coercion is a sort of power. This however is not seen as a positive form of power. Coercion involves constraint, and restraint. It is the act of persuading or convincing someone to do something by using force or other unethical means. For example When you threaten someone with harm if they do not sign a contract, then this is an example of coercion.

65
Q

What is medicalisation?

A

The process by which non medical problems come to be defined and treated as if they were medical issues. For example childbirth, menopause, pregnancy.

66
Q

What is commercialisation?

A

Commercialisation is often thought of as emphasizing the profitable aspects of something, especially at the expense of quality.

67
Q

What is the definition of a living wage?

A

It is the minimum wage necessary for a worker to survive and participate in society. It reflects the basic expenses of workers and their families such as food, transportation, housing and child care.

$19.25 an hour.

68
Q

What is empowerment?

A

Encouraging power from within: It is a matter of individuals centering and remaining steady in their environment as they choose how to direct their energy. It is the power of ability, of choice and engagement. It is creative and hence it is an affecting and transforming power but not a controlling power.

69
Q

What are the main types of abuse?

A

Physical, emotional, sexual, financial and neglect.

70
Q

As a student nurse, what are your responsibilities in regards to cases of abuse and neglect?

A
  1. Look for signs:
    - Children who display more knowledge than is appropriate sexually
    - Injuries occuring where they shouldn’t
  2. Always listen to a child, give reassurance, be honest, seek appropriate help
  3. If a story keeps changing or there are inconsistencies this should raise alarms
  4. Document everything word for word, date, time who was present
71
Q

What is practical nursing knowledge?

A

It is based on nurses experiences
Is achieved through personal knowing, through reflection on experiences
It is about knowing what to do in each given situation that you are in

72
Q

What is theoretical nursing knowledge?

A

Reflects basic values, guiding principles and elements of nursing
It stimulates thinking
Creates a broad understanding of the science and practices of nursing

73
Q

What is the link between nursing knowledge and nursing theory?

A
  • Theory is the goal of scientific work
  • Theory is essential for the development of any profession
  • Theory helps a profession to develop its own knowledge
74
Q

Who are the theorists that look at the five patterns of knowing and what are they?

A

Carper and White.

  1. Empirical knowing or “science of nursing”
  2. Ethical knowing or “the moral component of nursing”
  3. Personal knowing
  4. Aesthetic knowing or “the art of nursing”
  5. White added fifth pattern of socio-political knowing
75
Q

What does empirical knowing consist of?

A
  • Uses traditional scientific ideas
  • Is measureable and observable
  • Knowledge that can be verified by others
  • Nurse uses observations based on facts but these observations may also be based on experience

Examples: taking vital signs, client assessment, wound care, management of intravenous fluids, management of client symptoms.

76
Q

What does ethical knowing consist of?

A
  • Involves nurses making moment to moment judgement about what should be done, what is right and good, what is responsible
  • Focuses on our obligation to others and what ought to be done
  • Nurse uses processes of clarifying, valuing and advocating

Examples: be advocating on behalf of a client if they do not want a procedure done or staying with a client when medical procedures are being done.

77
Q

What does personal knowing consist of?

A

It is about nurses developing an authentic interpersonal relationship with the client
Nurses need to know “self” so that they can better understand the other
Sometimes referred to as the “therapeutic use of self”

Examples: how nurses may develop their own personal knowing include having a journal and reflection. Nurses through using these processes reflect on themselves as people and what they bring to nursing practice which in turn helps them to understand the other person.

78
Q

What does aesthetic knowing consist of?

A

Nurses use perception or intuition to develop an understanding of what the client needs in a particular situation
The nurse in aesthetic knowing knows “what to do with the moment, instantly, without deliberation”

Example: Knowing in the moment that a client is sad, sitting with them and taking the time to listen.

79
Q

What does socio-political knowing consist of?

A

Involves awareness of issues such as unequal class structure, power relationships, sexism, racism, poverty, unemployment and how these affect individuals and their health
Nurses awareness of the context of nursing and the bigger socio-political environment of health
Nurse questions assumptions about practice and the health care system

Example: An example of socio-political knowing could be around quality of time spent with clients. If a ward is short staffed and resources are low the quality of care the client receives may be compromised. The nurse needs to have an awareness of this and have a voice with regard to the issues that this raises for staff and clients

80
Q

Why is nursing theory important for nursing practice?

A

Provides knowledge to improve practice
Provides an explanation or rationale of why we do what we do
Helps to improve a nurses skill in critical analysis
Helps nurses to identify facts about subject matter

81
Q

What are the five skill sets that Benner describes as being crucial in becoming an expert nurse?

A
  1. Novice - a nurse with no previous knowledge (like a student nurse)
  2. Advanced beginner - some background knowledge (new-grad nurse) beginning to develop observational skills.
  3. Competent - developed over 2-3 years.
  4. Proficient - more than 2-3 years This is when a nurse is able to perceive the situation as a whole, from different perspectives, values and demonstrates high level of critical thinking. The difference between competent to proficient is that the nurse manages care as opposed to managing and performing skills.
  5. Expert - The nurse is quickly able to recognise and identify the specific situation/problem (Aesthetic knowing/intuitive knowing) and is able to demonstrate multidimensional problem solving approach.
    The expert nurse is highly skilled from managing nursing care to ensuring support for the novice nurse.
82
Q

What are the nine codes of ethics that the NZNO follow?

A
  1. Autonomy
  2. Beneficence
  3. Non-maleficence
  4. Justice
  5. Confidentiality
  6. Veracity
  7. Fidelity
  8. Guardianship of the environment & its resources
  9. Being professional
83
Q

What does ‘autonomy’ in the code of ethics refer to?

A

Self – determining
Respecting health consumers as dignified and rational autonomous choosers
Respect Choices

84
Q

What does ‘‘beneficence’’ in the code of ethics refer to?

A

Promotion of welfare and well being
Acts of care that will benefit another person

To do good, to show compassion, mercy, kindness, empathy, and love.

To do acts that bestow benefits or which balance benefits over harms

85
Q

What does ‘non-maleficence’ in the code of ethics refer to?

A

Avoiding harm.
Not allowing health consumers to come to harm
Not hindering their progress to well-being and recovery
Is distinct from and more stringent than the principle of beneficence
Applies to any act which unjustly injures a person or causes them to suffer an avoidable harm

86
Q

What does ‘justice’ in the code of ethics refer to?

A

Refers to justice as fairness.

Equal distribution of benefits and burdens

Support poor clients access to healthcare, because of low incomes, poor transport options etc.

87
Q

What does ‘confidentiality’ in the code of ethics refer to?

A

The privacy of written or spoken information, or
of observed body language, acquired through
privileged access.

The concept of privacy in each situation is
modified by legal and contextual realities

88
Q

What does ‘veracity’ in the code of ethics refer to?

A

Actions, speech and behavior that ensure
communications between individuals and/or
groups are honest and truthful.

89
Q

What does ‘fidelity’ in the code of ethics refer to?

A 
Nurses act with loyalty:
keeping our promises, 
doing what is expected of us
performing our duties
trustworthiness
90
Q

What does ‘guardianship of the environment and its resources refer to?’

A

The assumption that society has a responsibility
1. to respect and protect the environment and its
resources.

2.	Cultural/contextual variation in the relationship
   between person and environment will influence
   the value of guardianship.
91
Q

What does “being professional” refer to in the code of ethics?

A

The belief that nursing is a profession with a
defined purpose. It has a special relationship
with society, having been established by society
to provide health related care for those of its
members in need.
Nursing possesses a distinct body of knowledge,
its own area of independent practice and is
guided by the specific set of values identified
here.
Nurses are accountable for their nursing practice
and accept responsibility for their actions and decision making

92
Q

Why is refelction in nusing practice so important?

A

“Understanding and appreciating experiences”
“challenging and changing perspectives”
“to judge personal practice”
“to judge standards of practice or care”

It is also mentioned in the nursing council competencies.

93
Q

What is reflection in action?

A

A nurses ability to ‘read the patient’, to notice and recognise, to measure progress and make changes

This is about reflecting “in the moment” when you are “within” a situation

94
Q

What is reflection on action?

A

The systematic and analytical review of nursing practice and the subsequent learning from it. This can then be applied to future situations
This is about reflecting “after the event”. It is about looking back on a situation.

95
Q

What are the six c’s of caring?

A
  1. Compassion
  2. Competence
  3. Confidence
  4. Conscience
  5. Commitment
  6. Comportment

Year One: Professional Nursing (1 decks)

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