Semester Final Flashcards
Common characteristics of porifera?
- sponges
- no symmetry
- porous
- no tissues or organs
- filter feeders
Common characteristics of phyla Cnidaria
- jellyfish
- radial symmetry
- no body cavity
- tentacles
- stinging cells
- incomplete digestion
Common characteristics of phyla Flatworms (Platyhelminthes)
- flat body shape
- bilateral symmetry
- incomplete digestion
- simple nervous system
- no true body cavity
Common characteristics of phyla Nematoda
- roundworms
- round body shape
- bilateral symmetry
- complete digestion
- simple nervous system
- body cavity
Common characteristics of phyla Nemertea
- ribbon worms
- flat body shape
- bilateral symmetry
- complete digestion
- simple nervous system
- no body cavity
Common characteristics of phyla mollusca
- soft body surrounded by shell (in some)
- mantle
- foot
- radula (in some)
Common characteristics of phyla segmented worms
- segmented body
- long shape
- complete digestion
Common characteristics of phyla arthropod
- segmented body
- jointed legs
- exoskeleton
- bilateral symmetry
Common characteristics of phyla echinoderm
- radial symmetry
- dermal branchiae
- tube feet
- water vascular system
Common characteristics of phyla chordata
- bilateral symmetry
- notochord at some point
- dorsal nerve chord at some point
- complete digestion
Common characteristics of class agnatha
- eel
- no jaw
- no paired fins
- cartilage skeleton
Common characteristics of class Chondrichthyes
- sharks
- jaw
- paired fins
- cartilage skeleton except backbone and jaw
Common characteristics of class Osteichthyes
- jaw
- paired fins
- bony skeleton
Common characteristics of class aves
- feathers
- beak
- warm blooded
- lay eggs
Common characteristics of class reptilia
- scales
- lay eggs
- cold blooded
Common characteristics of class mammalia
- live birth
- mammary glands
- fur/hair
- warm blooded
Why is it important to study primary productivity in the marine environment?
PP is the measure of the amount of food produced by photosynthetic organisms. This is the food and energy that is available to the rest of the food web. If it changes, it affects the rest of the food web.
What are some factors that limit primary productivity in the sea?
Lack of sunlight
What are some factors that limit primary productivity in the Arctic Ocean?
- ice cover-% of sea surface covered with ice
- PAR- the amount of photosynthetically active radiation available
- Chlorphyll a - amount of chlorophyll a in the surface seawater
- nitrate- amount of nitrogen nutrients
- primary productivity-amount of organic matter that had been produced through photosynthesis at the sea surface
Biotic factors of coral reefs
- warm temps
- steady salinity
- lots of sun
- mild pressure
- affected by tides and waves
Biotic factors of estuaries
- temp and salinity fluctuates daily
- sunlight affected by turbidity
- mild pressure
- affected by tides and waves
Biotic factors of kelp forests
- Temperature fluctuates seasonally
- salinity fluctuates due to upwelling
- sunlight affected by turbidity
- mild pressure
- affected by tides and waves
Biotic factors of hydrothermal vents
- very hot
- high salinity
- no sunlight
- high pressure
- affected by currents
Biotic factors of cold seeps
- very cold
- high salinity
- no sunlight
- high pressure
- affected by currents
Biotic factors of whale falls
- very cold
- high salinity
- no sunlight
- high pressure
- affected by currents
Biotic factors of polar seas
- very cold
- high salinity near ice while it freezes
- low salinity when ice melts
- seasonal sunlight
Challenges living in coral reefs
- very clear water, hard to hide
- few nutrients = low productivity
Challenges living in estuaries
-salinity and temp always changing
Challenges living in kelp forests
- High turbidity, sun doesn’t penetrate very deep
- changing salinity and temp with upwelling
- strong waves and currents
Challenges living in hydrothermal vents
- extremely hot
- no sun
- sometimes toxic chemicals
- extreme pressure
- high salinity
Challenges living in cold seeps
- extreme pressure
- no sun light
- very cold
- high salinity
Challenges living in whale fall
- extreme pressure
- no sun
- high salinity
Challenges living in polar seas
- very cold temp
- high salinity near ice
- very little sunlight in winter
Adaptations in coral reefs
- fishes bodies are shaped to easily move around crevices
- More symbiotic relationships
Adaptations in estuaries
- many can regulate their osmosis so they aren’t affected by changes in salinity
- some can move locations within to say warmer and avoid extreme salinity changes from tides
Adaptations in kelp forests
Kelp grows very quickly in order to reach sunlight through turbidity
-many cling to kelp to keep from getting swept away
Adaptations in hydrothermal vnts
- enzymes adapted to extreme temperatures
- bacteria perform chemo synthesis
- organisms lack any air pockets
Adaptations in cold seeps
- bacteria perform chemosynthesis to produce sugars
- organisms lack air pockets
- some have large mouths and flexible stomachs
Adaptations in whale falls
- bacteria perform chemosynthesis
- lack air pockets
- large mouth and flexible stomach
Adaptations in polar seas
- some have a chemical in their blood that acts like antifreeze to keep blood flowing
- many migrate
What impact does the whaling industry have on the marine environment?
Whale falls are a habitat, taking them out may impact the communities in the deep sea because we are removing an important food source.
Which is the most bio diverse: kelp forest vs coral reef
Kelp forest, it has more nutrients which results in more primary productivity.
Which is the most bio diverse: southern ocean vs deep sea
Southern because it has more sunlight for photosynthesis which results in more primary productivity
Which is the most bio diverse: estuary vs open ocean
Estuaries because they are nearer to shore which results in more available nutrients, therefore more primary productivity.
Which is the most bio diverse: hydrothermal vents vs intertidal zone
intertidal zone because it has more sunlight
What causes upwelling?
wind pushing water away from shore
What are the signs that tell you upwelling may be happening?
- increase in salinity, nutrients, and chlorophyll
- decrease in temperature
- surface currents moving away from shore
- wind moving parallel to the shore
Why do coral reefs require water that is slow moving and relatively free of nutrients?
Coral live in a symbiotic relationship with algae that need sun for photosynthesis. More nutrients = plankton growing at the surface to shade the coral
How upelling affect Oregon and Washington.
Increase in nutrients = more primary productivity, which affects the whole food chain by increasing the amount of food for each level.
They decrease in temperature can stress some organisms and slow their metabolism.
Why is one parasite better than the other?
A parasite that doesn’t kill the host is better than one that kills its host. If that happens then the parasite will have to use energy and resources finding another host.
