Semester 4 Final Test Flashcards
What percent of athletic injuries do ankle sprains account for?
10-28%
What are the 6 different types of pain?
- Muscular - achy, dull or strong & generally worsens with movement
- Ligament - painful during stretching but NOT during contraction
- Tendon - painful during stretching AND contraction
- Skeletal - discomfort whether moving or still, is described as a deep pain
- Nerve - sharp, lightening, burning, numbness, or tingling
- Vascular - throbbing, numbness, “pins & needles” sensation
What should the bar be in line with throughout the squat?
Mid foot.
What are some examples of sports that need speed training?
Sprinter, cross country runner, or swimmer
Definition: Load Volume
total amount of weight lifted in a training session
How many passes should you perform the Foam Roll Adductors?
10-15
How many minutes of PA should pregnant women get per week?
What intensity?
150
moderate
How long does the Limber 11 routine take?
Around 10 minutes.
All clients should begin resistance training with a plan based on _________ or _________ to establish training base.
Muscular Endurance
Hypertrophy
When should the Military or Overhead press NOT be prescribed for a client?
- High Blood Pressure
- Shoulder Impingement Syndrome
- Poor Shoulder Stability
- Low Back Pain
What is additionally being worked when you perform Hammer Curls instead of regular?
Brachioradialis
True or False: To avoid injury, you need a strong back.
False, strength is not a preventetive factor for injury. In fact, endurance plays a more important role.
How many of the Bent Knee Iron Cross should you perform?
5-10 per side
How long is the 2nd trimester?
14-27 weeks
What is the MOI for Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome?
poor patellar tracking due to weak VMO or tight lateral structures (misalignment is usually a lateral tracking issue)
What happens if you pause during plyometrics?
the energy that is stored in the SCC & stretch reflex will be lost and the plyometric event will not occur
How long is a Macrocyle?
Entire training year up to a period of 4 years (olympic athletes)
What is the purpose of the Big 3?
Enhance spine stability through grooving motion and muscle activation patterns to prepare for all types of challenges
What are important muscles to focus on during pregnancy? Why?
Abdominals and pelvic floor (transverse abdominus)
Provides basis for postural support to prepare for delivery
What 4 factors make good footwear for plyometrics?
- ankle and foot support
- lateral stability
- wide, non slip sole
- shoe laces tied
What are the primary movers of the lunge?
- Quadriceps
- Gluteus Maximus
True or False: You should avoid exercising to exhaustion while pregnant.
True
What are the 5 different types of Aerobic Endurance Training?
- LSD
- Pace/Tempo
- Interval
- Repetition
- Fartlek
If you want to increase the intensity of the Big 3 for the client, should you increase repetitions or duration?
Repetitions
What are the 4 types of soft tissue work?
- Massage
- Foam Rolling
- Lacrosse Ball
- Rolling stick
What are the stabilizer muscles of the Renegade Row?
Triceps, rectus abdominus, obliques, anterior deltoids
Definition: The sticking point
the most difficult part of the exercise
What are some common errors of the lunge?
- Extending knee too far forward
- Front knee caving in
- Not taking a big enough step or taking too big a step
What is the scientific name for a “knot” in your muscle?
Fascia Mobility Block
What are the 2 most popular PNF methods?
- Contract-Relax-Agonist-Contract (CRAC)
- Contract-Relax (CR)
Definition: Soft Tissue
tissues that connect, support or surround other structures and organs in the body
What 4 exercise situations require a spotter. Give an example of each.
- Overhead eg. standing shoulder press
- Over the face eg. bench press, lying triceps extension
- With a bar on the upper back and shoulders eg. back squat
- With a bar positioned on the front of the shoulders or clavicles eg. front squat
Definition: Super Set
2 exercise sets in a sequence without rest that stress antagonistic muscle groups
eg. bench press and seated rows
What are the signs and symptoms of Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome?
- Dull, aching pain, increase with sitting, squatting, and descending stairs
- Point tenderness - lateral facet of the patella
- Pain with manual patella compression into trochlear groove
How many reps of the Curl Up, Side Bridge/Plank and Bird Dog should you perform, and for how long should you hold each rep?
5 reps, 7-8s.
What are some common mistakes of the bench press?
- Lifting hips off of the bench
- Bouncing bar off of the chest, lack of control
- Choosing weight too heavy
- Shoulders rounding forward
- Lack of full ROM
- Having weak wrist engagement
If pregnant, when should you discontinue exercise?
MC CHOPD
- Dyspnea before exertion
- Headaches or unexplained dizziness
- Chest pain
- Muscle weakness
- Calf pain or swelling
- Preterm labor
- Overheated or fatigued, decrease intensity and cool down
Frequency, intensity or duration should not increase by more than ____ in aerobic training programs?
10%
Things to avoid while pregnant?
- Valsava Maneuver
- Isometric contractions
- exercises with high risk of falling or abdominal trauma
What would you focus on for rehabilitation following a Total Hip Arthropasty?
ROM, strength and gait
What is the primary reason people seek help from their doctor?
Low back pain
True or False: It is better to perform full range spine motion while under load in the morning, when your intevertebral discs are more hydrated.
False
For older adults with limited cardiorespiratory fitness, how long and at what intensity should they perform aerobic training?
5-10min @ 40% HRmax
How long does the client perform an isometric contraction during Contract-Relax PNF stretching.
6-15s.
What are the Sequential Steps for Designing a Resistance Training Program?
- Initial consultation and fitness evaluation
- Determination of training frequency
- Exercise selection
- Exercise Order
- Training load: resistance and repetitions
- Training volume: repetitions and sets
- Rest periods
- Training variation
- Sequencing the training plan
- Progression
What can cause Plantar Fasciitis
Extrinsic - Training Error, Improper Footwear
Intrinsic - Pes Planus (Flat Foot), Pes Cavus (Arch), excessive prolonged pronation, reduced flexibility of plantar flexor muscles
How long does the Hypertrophy/Endurance segment of the Preparation Phase of periodization last?
1-6 weeks
How many mesocycles per year for greater strength and power gains?
5 or more
List the Limber 11.
- Foam Roll IT Band
- Foam Roll Adductors
- SMR Glutes with Lacrosse Ball
- Bent Knee Iron Cross
- Roll Over into V Sit
- Rocking Frog
- Fire Hydrant Circles
- Mountain Climbers
- Cossack Squat
- Seated Piriformis Stretch
- Rear Foot Elevated Hip Flexor Stretch
What are the REP ranges for different types of fitness?
Beginner - Intermediate - Advanced
Endurance: 10-15, 10-15, 10-25
Hypertrophy: 8-12, 6-12, 6-12
Strength: ≤6
Power: n/a, 3-6, 1-6
What are the 3 principles of Program Design?
- Specificity
- Variation
- Progressive Overload
What can cause excessive medial rotation of the hip?
Weak Gluteus Maximus, Medius and Minimus.
What procedures need to be followed for Static Stretching to be beneficial in a warmup?
- Do at least 5 mins of aerobic activity first to increase core temperature
- Each static stretch does not exceed 60 seconds
- Follow with 5-15 minutes of dynamic stretching + specific warmup
Why would you include periodization.
- prevent or reduce risk of injury
- prevent overtraining
- promote long term training and performance improvements
What are some potential causes of overuse injuries?
- Training errors (eg. poor program design, progression too early)
- Suboptimal training surfaces (eg. too hard or uneven)
- Faulty biomechanics or technique during performance or training
- Decreased flexibility/mobility
- Repetetive movements in occupational tasks
How can you increase training stimulus? Progress the client?
- Increase the load
- Increase the volume
- Increase the frequency
How can you help correct knees caving in during a squat?
Place a loop band around their thighs just above the knees
Definition: Piriformis Syndrome
a condition with symptoms that mimic sciatica. However it is caused by compression of the sciatica nerve by the piriformis muscle and is not related to compression at the vertebral level
What are the 5 steps to designing an Aerobic Training Program?
- Exercise Mode
- Intensity
- Frequency
- Duration
- Progression
What are some common medical concerns of older adults?
CC DOLADOF
- Cardiovascular disease
- Cancer
- Diabetes
- Osteoporosis
- Low back pain
- Arthritis
- Depression
- Obesity
- Frailty
Total duration of a client’s aerobic exercise program is determined by ________________?
- Frequency
- Goals
- Fitness Level
- Intensity
What is the relationship between velocity and force during a 1-RM exercise?
Velocity is low, and Force is high
What are the 3 methods of Warm Up?
- Passive eg. hot shower, heating pads, massage
- General eg. jogging, cycling, jumping
- Specific eg. slow jogging before run, light reps of bench press before workout load
What type of tissue does a SPRAIN affect?
Ligament
What equipment do you need to perform the Limber 11?
- Foam Roller
- Lacrosse Ball
What muscles are worked in the reverse fly?
Rear Deltoids, Supraspinatous, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor
What muscles are worked in the One Arm Row?
Latissimus Dorsi, Trapezius, Biceps
How many passes should you perform for the Foam Roll IT Band?
10-15
What type of tissue does a STRAIN affect?
Muscle or Tendon
What width should feet be apart generally for the squat?
Shoulder width
True or False: Fatigue dissipates faster than your fitness.
True.
What is the scientific term for “Knock Kneed” people?
Genu Valgum
What are some exercises to help with Rowing?
- Bent Row
- Cable Row
What are some exercises to help with Sprinting?
- Step Ups
- Power Clean
- Lunge
- Resisted Sprinting
What are some progressions for the squat?
- Goblet Squat
- Dumbbell front squat
- Front Squat
- Back Squat
How long should you wait between plyometric sessions?
42-72 hours
What are the lateral stabilizers of the ankle?
- Posterior talofibular ligament
- Calcaneofibular ligament
- Anterior talofibular ligament
How are the Limber 11 arranged?
In a sequence that starts slowly and builds to bigger, more dynamic movements to prevent injury.
Who created the Big 3
Stuart McGill
What is the relationship between Volume and Intensity during the preparation phase of periodization?
Volume is HIGH and Intensity is LOW
Definition: Speed-endurance
the ability to maintain running speed over an extended duration (typically longer than 6 seconds).
True or False: When performing the Bench Press you should press the bar in a backwards C motion.
False
How many sets and reps should you have your pre adolescent clients perform?
1-3 sets
6-15 reps
What are the Pre Adolescent ages for both girls and boys?
Girls: 6-11
Boys: 6-13
What is the advantage of a high bar vs low bar position for the squat?
High bar makes it easier to stay in an upright stance.
Low bar makes it so the client can use more weight and power.
What is responsible for the training induced strength gains in pre adolescent children?
Neural adaptation
How many repetitions should pregnant women perform RT?
12-15
Which of the Limber 11 is focusing on the lumbar spine mobility?
Bent Knee Iron Cross
Is lower back pain an acute or chronic injury?
It can be both.
True or False: It is okay for the opposite leg to be bent when you are stretching hamstrings.
False
What is the HR range for pregnant women 20-29 & 30-39 respectively?
135-150 bpm
130-145 bpm
What is the most susceptible to injury ligament of the knee?
ACL
What ligament is most commonly affected in inversion sprains? Why?
The anterior talofibular ligament - due to its relative weakness and susceptibility to not withstanding the force placed on the ankle in an inverted, plantarflexed, and internally rotated position.
What is the purpose of knee sleeves or knee wraps?
Warm the knee joint and provide protection.
Volume is most affected by what?
Sets
What should you avoid during the first 6 weeks after a Total Hip Arthroplasty?
- No hip flexion > 90 degrees
- No hip adduction past neutral
- No hip internal rotation
Name these handgrips:

- Overhand or Pronated (Closed)
- Underhand or Supine (Closed)
- Alternated (Closed)
- Open or False
What is the purpose of the Big 3?
Enhance spine stability through grooving motion and muscle activation patterns to prepare for all types of challenges
True or False: PNF stretching performed before exercise enhances muscular endurance
False
True or False: Plyometric drills can be considered cardiorespiratory training as well as power training.
False.
What are some theories behind SMR being beneficial?
- altered viscoelastic and gel-like property of the fascia
- Increases in intramuscular temperature and blood flow due to friction of the foam roll
- Alterations in muscle spindle length or stretch perception
- Foam roller mechanically breaks down scar tissue and remobilizes fascia back to a gel-like state
True or False: The Tibialis Anterior is responsible for Plantarflexion of the ankle.
False, it is responsible for Dorsiflexion.
Definition: Pyramid Set
Increase load and decrease reps across sets.
eg. Set 1: 75% 1RM 10 reps
Set 2: 80% 1RM 8 reps
Set 3: 85% 1RM 6 reps
What type of chest press would put greater emphasis on the triceps?
Narrow Grip Chest Press
What are some regressions for the squat?
- Stability Ball Wall Squat
- Box Squat
True or False: Tennis shoes are one of the worst kinds of footwear you can wear for squats.
True, the cushion causes energy transfer loss and make you unstable.
What is the MOI for an Anterior Cruciate Ligament sprain?
- cutting or turning/twisting maneuver on a planted foot
- Improper landing
- Sudden deceleration
- A direct blow to the anterior aspect of the thigh, or the posterior aspect of the calf
- hyperextension of the knee
What are some exercises to help with Throwing/Pitching?
- Tricep Extension
- Front Raise
- Shoulder Internal/External Rotation
What is Genu Valgus Stress?
Pain on the medial aspect of the knee that increases with activity and decreases with rest
knee collapses inwards during running and squatting.
What sport would the Wood Chopper exercise be beneficial for?
Golf
What is a common injury that a baseball player might get?
Rotator cuff impingement or tear
Definition: Drop Set
3-4 exercise sets of the same exercise, performed in a sequence without rest, using a lighter weight on each set
How many of the Fire Hydrant Circles should you perform?
10 Forward, 10 Backward, each
What factors affect the ability to stretch?
- Muscle fatigue
- Presence of scar tissue
- Muscle temperature
- Activity prior to the stretch
- Collagen/elastic content (varies with age)
- Hydration/Dehydration
- Medical Conditions (diabetes, connective tissue disorders, smoking)
What are some contraindications for Shoulder Impingement?
Overhead with internally rotated shoulder
- Shoulder/Military/Overhead Press
- Lateral dumbbell raise with internally rotated shoulder
- Upright row above shoulder level
- Incline bench press
- Overhead tricep extension
How many of the Rocking Frog should you perform?
10
How big should the landing surface be on boxes for plyometrics?
18x24 inches (46x61 cm)
What are some physiological differences in children/youth?
- Higher breathing frequency
- Lower tidal volume
- Lower stroke volume
- Higher heart rate
- Less testosterone to stimulate increases in muscular hypertrophy
Frequency, Duration, Intensity: Pace/Tempo
Frequency: 1-2/wk
Duration: ~20-30mins
Intensity: at the lactate threshold; at or slightly above race pace
What are the 3 phases of GAS?
- Alarm (shock) Phase
- Resistance Phase
- Exhaustion Phase
What are the 5 types of soft tissue?
- Muscle
- Fascia
- Ligaments
- Tendons
- Joint Capsules
True or False: For the most benefit, low back exercises should be performed no more than 3 times a week.
False, you should perform them daily.
Physical activity for pre adolescent children should focus on enhancing what 4 things?
- Endurance
- Strength
- Flexibility
- Skill-related fitness abilities (agility, balance, coordination, reaction time, speed, power)
At what injury phase would you focus ROM, flexibility, balance, proprioception, neuromuscular control, and strengthening?
Proliferation phase
Definition: Speed-strength
maximum force at high velocities
Aerobic training in older adults decreases what, and improves what?
Decreases risk of
Obesity
Hypertension
Type II
CVD
Improves
Sleep
Digestion
Elimination
What part of the spine has excessive curvature in Hyperkyphosis?
Thoracic
What muscle is eliminated when performing a chest fly instead of a chest press?
Triceps.
What is the largest phase of periodization?
Preparation
What are the different REST periods for fitness types?
Endurance: ≤30s
Hypertrophy: 30s - 90s
Strength: 2 - 5 min
Power: 2 - 5 min
What are the benefits of the Limber 11?
- Reduces lower back tightness
- Improves hip mobility
Frequency, Duration, Intensity & Type: Aerobic training for older adults.
Frequency: 2-5/week
Duration: 20-60min
Intensity: 60-90% HRmax (usually 75%)
Type: Walking, cycling, jogging, elliptical
True or False: Dynamic, rythmic PA such as cycling or walking are favoured for pregnant women.
True
Who wrote “Low Back Disorders: Evidence based prevention and rehabilitation”?
Stuart McGill
Why would someone get a Total Hip Arthroplasty?
to relieve osteoarthritic pain
What injury can regular sit-ups or curl-ups cause?
Posterior Disc Herniation
List the Big 3.
- Curl Up
- Side Bridge/Plank
- Bird Dog
What are the most common knee injuries?
- Anterior knee pain a.k.a Runner’s Knee or Patellofemoral pain syndrome
- ACL injury
- Total knee arthroplasty
What is the MOI of overuse injuries?
repeated movements that irritate the tissues
How many minutes per day should pregnant women be active?
15 - 30
What are the “Big 6”?
- Squat
- Deadlift
- Lunge
- Row
- Bench Press
- Military/Overhead Press
What is the most frequently reported ankle sprain?
Inversion - lateral ligaments
Load Volume Formula
Sets x Reps x Load
How many of the Rear Foot Elevated Hip Flexor Stretch should you perform?
5-10 reps, 3s. each
True or False: A client who is recovering from an ACL injury can perform a full squat.
False, they can perform a 3/4 squat.
True or False: You should lift heavy objects off the floor using your knees.
False, you want to lift with your hips.
What are the primary movers of the Bench Press?
- Pectoralis Major
- Anterior Deltoid
- Triceps Brachii
What exercise targets the following muscles?
Subscapularis, Teres Major, Pec Major, Latissimus Dorsi, Anterior Deltoid
Internal Rotation with band
What is being worked in the Concentration curl?
Biceps, Brachialis and Brachioradialis
What are the secondary or stabilizing muscles used in the Front Raise?
Serratus Anterior, Biceps, Pec Major
What are the muscles worked in a chest press?
Pectoralis Major, anterior deltoids, triceps
What are some fetal responses to exercise?
- Reduced birth weight
- Decreased subcutaneous fat
- 5-15bpm increase in fetal heart rate when mother does vigorous exercise (no documented adverse effects)
What are the primary muscles of the Squat?
Quadriceps, Gluteus Maximus, Gluteus Medius
What is an often overlooked cause for low back pain?
Tight glutes.
True or False: Wall Slides improve shoulder mobility.
True
How long should you wait between PNF sessions?
48 hours
What muscles are worked during the Lateral Raise?
Medial Deltoid
What is the MOI of a sprain?
High tensile force
3 months of training at _______ of VO2max, increased VO2max by ______.
70-80%
25%
Explain the Hold-Relax PNF technique.
Involves taking the muscle or joint into a static stretch position while keeping the muscle relaxed. After this static stretch position is held for about 10 seconds, the muscle is contracted for 6 seconds with a strong isometric contraction against an external fixed object.
After a 1-2 second rest, another passive stretch is performed for 30 seconds, potentially resulting in a greater stretch.
True or False: You must recover completely before starting next bout of training.
False
How long is the 1st trimester?
0-13 weeks
What is the function of the ACL?
resist anterior displacement of the tibia on the femur
How many of the Seated Piriformis Stretch should you perform?
20-30s. each side
Why do plyometrics?
CPT PSR
- Improves athletic performance
- Increase speed
- Increase power and explosiveness
- Increased recruitment of type II fast twitch muscle fibers
- Improve coordination and agility
- Reduce risk of injury by practicing safe landing patterns
What are some contraindications for ACL injury?
End range of leg extension
Open chain knee movements <45 degrees of flexion
How long should you wait between agility sessions?
48+ hours
What exercise would you recommend a client who suffered from an Anterior Talofibular Ligament sprain to reduce their risk of injury in the future?
Ankle inversion with band
What injuries can Kyphosis lead to?
Subacromial impingement
Rotator cuff tendonitis
Tears
What does PNF stand for?
Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation
Where does muscular inhibition due to low back pain occur?
- Multifidi
- Lumbar Erector Spinae
- Psoas
- Transverse
What are the primary movers for the Military Press?
- Medial Deltoids
- Anterior Deltoids
- Triceps
What is the age range of children and youth?
5-17
What safety considerations are there for plyometrics?
SLEPT
- Landing surface
- Equipment
- Technique
- Proper Footwear
- Supervision
True or False: The Limber 11 are simple exercises that most people can perform.
True
What are the stages of healing and how long do they last?
- Inflammatory Phase - 0-6 days
- Proliferative Phase - 3-21 days
- Maturation Phase - up to 1 year
How many sets of PNF should you do in one session?
2-4
What could be “pinched” in impingement syndrome?
- Supraspinatus
- Long head of the biceps tendon
- subacromial bursa
What are some exercises to help with Ball Dribbling/Passing?
- Chest Press
- Tricep Extension
- Depth Push Up
True or False: The Stability Ball Back Extension exercise targets the Erector Spinae.
True
Definition: Physiological maturity
A sufficient base of strength, speed and balance
During plyometrics, how much longer than your set time should your recovery be?
3-5x (30-60s)
What is the safe zone for shoulder impringement?
Below shoulder level, and in frontal plane.
What are the 3 force classifications of mechanism of injury?
- Compression - force that crushes tissue
- Tension - force that pulls and stretches tissue
- Shearing - force that moves across the parallel design of fibers
What is the purpose of plyometrics?
to use the stretch reflex and natural elastic components of both muscle and tendon to increase the power of subsequent movements
When it comes to low back pain, which is better: build stability or stretching to increase ROM
Building stability
What is the most common type of soft tissue work?
Massage
How would you modify the cossack squat if your client has difficulty lowering all the way towards the ground?
Allow my client to perform this exercise where they do not need to lower all the way down towards the ground in a higher lunge position.
Why do you want the shoulders to be in line with the knees in your landing position of plyometrics?
helps to place the center of gravity over the body’s base of support
Frequency, Duration, Intensity, Type: Older adults RT
Frequency: 2-3 non-consecutive days/week
Duration: 10-15 reps
Intensity: 60-75% of max resistance (speed controlled 4-6s)
Type: Single and multijoint exercises
How long should you perform the SMR Glutes with the lacrosse ball?
30s. to 2 min.
What is a CHRONIC injury?
repeated microtrauma forces, characterized by becoming more problematic over time
Frequency, Duration, Intensity: LSD
Frequency: 1-2/wk
Duration: Race distance or longer ~20-30min
Intensity: ~70% VO2max
What is the scientific term for “Bow Legged” people?
Genu Varum
What part of the foot should more weight be placed when landing in plyometrics?
Ball
In what 6 ways can you change program variation?
- Volume
- Intensity
- Exercise Selection
- Frequency of training
- Rest Intervals
- Speed of Movement
How many days per week should you do resistance training for pre adolescent children?
2-3 non consecutive days
What sports are common for ankle sprains? Why?
Basketball, Soccer - because they require sudden stops, changes of direction, and jumping.
What is one of the most common sport related injuries?
Ankle sprain
What are some exercises to help with Jumping?
- Back Squat
- Tuck Jump
- Box Jump
- Power Clean
True or False: Those with a greater ROM in their spine are less at risk for a back injury.
False, statistically those with a more flexible spine are more likely to sustain an injury.
True or False: The Big 3 are suitable for everyone.
False
Where should the elbows be at the starting position of the military press?
Under the bar
What is different about the Pectoralis Major and the Anterior deltoids in an INCLINE chest press?
It targets the upper fibers of the pec major, and there is greater activation of the anterior deltoids.
What RPE is acceptable during moderate exercise for pregnant women?
12-14
What are some examples of Speed-endurance exercises?
- Soccer player in breakaway
- Running away from a bear
Definition: Psychological Maturity
a good attention span and the ability to follow instructions
What are signs and symptoms of Plantar Fasciitis?
- Pain on plantar surface @ anterior aspect of and/or metatarsal heads
- Pain with first steps in the morning, but diminishes within 5-10 mins
- Increase pain with passive extension of great toe and ankle dorsiflexion
- pain relieved with activity, but recurs after rest
What is an important cue for the overhead press to increase stability?
Squeeze the glutes
How long is the 3rd trimester?
28-42 weeks
Why is a sneaker not recommended for deadlifting?
Because you lose energy transfer, therefore there is less force production.
What is a Structural Exercise?
an exercise that loads the vertebral column
Back Squat, Push Press
Definition: Linear Periodization
Gradual and continual increase in training intensity and gradual continual decreases in training volume from one mesocycle to the next
no variation in sets or reps within each mesocycle
What are some common errors for the squat?
- Knees First
- Not going to depth
- Knees caving inward
- Coming up on the toes
- Hunching or Hyperextending
What is plyometrics?
quick and powerful movements consisting of an eccentric muscle action followed by an immediate powerful concentric muscle action.
True or Fasle: Microtrauma injuries just need rest to recover.
False
What is an ACUTE injury?
a single macrotrauma force, characterized by a definitive moment of onset
How long is a Microcycle?
1-4 weeks
What are the 4 periodization periods?
- Preparatory
- First Transition
- Competition
- Second Transition
Frequency, Duration, Intensity: Interval
Frequency: 1-2/wk
Duration: 3-5 minutes with a work to rest ratio of 1:1
Intensity: Close to VO2max
How much can an older adults VO2max increase after 6 months of standard endurance exercise?
17%
What muscles are worked during the overhead press?
Anterior and Medial Deltoids, Triceps, Upper Pec Major
How often should you add variation to your program?
Every 2-3 weeks.
What are some examples of resisted sprinting?
- uphill sprinting
- running in sand/water
- resisted by sled, elastic tubing or parachute
What are the primary muscles of the Deadlift?
- Gluteus Maximus
- Hamstrings
- Erector Spinae
- Quadriceps
True or False: Back Injuries are common
True
Generally, when should you exhale during an exercise?
During the sticking point or exertion phase of the exercise
What is the primary muscle of the knee tuck or pike on the stability ball?
Rectus Abdominus
True or False: During the Bench Press, elbows should be kept tight to the body.
False, 45 degrees
What 4 things can Fascia Mobility Blocks result from?
- Dehydration
- Lack of sleep
- Nutritional Imbalances
- Hormonal Imbalances
At what injury phase would you focus on functional strengthening?
Maturation phase
How many hours of screen time is recommended for children and youth?
2 hours or less
What are some examples of Speed-strength exercises?
- Power clean
- Snatch
In order to effectively use the stretch shortening cycle, what is the maximum duration the client’s muscles should be in a lengthened position?
100ms
How many minutes per day should children and youth get of moderate to vigorous activity?
60
Frequency, Duration, Intensity: Fartlek
Frequency: 1/wk
Duration: ~20-60min
Intensity: Varies between LSD and pace/tempo
What are some other ways to progress a client besides increasing the load?
PHRBB C
- Change your position to fire different motor units
- Change Hand/Foot width & angles, Body Position/Angles
- Change the type of resistance: Cables/FW/Machine
- Go from bilateral to unilateral
- Add a realistic balance challenge
- Do more compound movements
What are some signs and symptoms of a sprain?
- Pain
- Point Tenderness
- Swelling
- Loss of function
- Instability
Who is Stuart McGill?
- a highly recognized researcher and lecturer in spinal biomechanics, function, rehabilitation and injury prevention
- a professor/researcher at the University of Waterloo
- Created the Big 3
What are the 3 central concepts related to periodization?
- General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
- Stimulus-Fatigue-Recovery-Adaptation Theory
- Fitness-fatigue theory
Definition: Non-linear Periodization (Undulating)
varies intensity and volume of core exercises throughout the week
continues for given time period before athlete begins competition period or 1-2 week active rest phase
True or False: The weight belt is meant to be placed around your waist.
False, it should go where your abdominal wall is going to push out.
What are the 4 types of overuse injuries?
- Myositis - inflammation of muscle tissue (eg. anterior compartment syndrome)
- Fasciitis - inflammation of the fascia (eg. plantar fasciitis)
- Tendinitis - Inflammation of a tendon (eg. supraspinatous tendonitis)
- Tenosynovitis - inflammation of the tendon sheath (most common in the hands, wrists and feet)
When was PNF developed?
1940’s
What can be caused by an imbalance between anterior muscles such as anterior deltoids and pecks, and posterior muscles of the back?
Rotator cuff impingement or tears
What are the relative contraindications to exercise during pregnancy?
- Recurrent pregnancy loss
- Gestational hypertension
- a history of spontaneous preterm birth
- mild/moderate cardiovascular or respiratory disease
- symptomatic anemia
- malnutrition
- eating disorder
- twin pregnancy after the 28th week
- other significant medical conditions
In what 3 ways can you progress a client in their aerobic training program?
- Frequency
- Duration
- Intensity
What type of grip should you use spotting a barbell exercise? Where should you place your hands?
Alternated, between clients hands.
How many Cossack Squats should you perform?
5-10, each
What is the height range of boxes for plyometrics?
6-42 inches (15-107 cm)
What type of exercises would benefit from the use of the Valsalva Maneuver? Provide examples.
Structural Exercises eg. Back Squat, Push Press
Exercises that stress the lower back eg. Bent-Over Row, Deadlift, Shoulder Press
How many Mountain Climbers should you perform?
10 each
What are the different ways to measure your client’s exercise intensity?
- APMHR
- Karvonen Method using HRR
- RPE
- Mets
What age is considered “Older adult”?
50+
True or False: To avoid injury you need a strong back.
False, you need core endurance.
How many of the Roll Over to V Sit should you perform?
10
True or False: Sucking in your belly activates your transverse abdominals during exercise.
False, you should not suck your belly in, but stiffen the abdominal muscles.
True or False: Resistance training in pre adolescent weight trainers can damage epiphyseal plates and impede statural growth.
False
What are the primary movers of the Bent Over Row?
- Latissimus Dorsi
- Trapezius
- Posterior Deltoid
- Rhomboids
- Biceps Brachii
What natural patterns do you see when children are on a playground?
- Sporadic bursts of moderate to vigorous intensity activity with brief periods of low intensity activity or rest.
- Interval type pattern characterized by haphazard increases and decreases in exercise intensity.
Why is it not recommended to lay in a supine position during the 2nd trimester of pregnancy?
results in restricted venous return of blood to the heart because of the increasingly larger uterus.
reduces cardiac output and may cause supine hypotensive syndrome
True or False: If your goal is to become faster and stronger, you should perform higher rep ranges of plyometrics.
False
At what injury phase would you utilize PRICE?
Inflammatory
What can muscular inhibition cause?
Muscle weakness
Who created the Limber 11?
Joe DeFranco
What are the SETS for different fitness types?
Beginner - Intermediate - Advanced
Endurance: 1-3, ≥3, ≥3
Hypertrophy: 1-3, ≥3, ≥3
Strength: 1-3, ≥3, ≥3
Power: n/a, 1-3, 3-6
What muscles are worked in the Bent Over Row?
Latissimus Dorsi, Trapezius, Rhomboids, Biceps
What are the 3 important aspects of physical performance?
- Speed
- Change of direction
- Agility
What are the 4 Grip Widths and which is the most common?
- Close or Narrow
- Hip Width
- Shoulder Width
- Wide
In what position are wrist wraps useful for the squat?
Low bar.
When would you need a Total Knee Arthroplasty?
wear patterns of repetetive loading on knee joint, degenerates and degrades joint surfaces of distal femur and proximal tibia
What are potential causes of low back pain?
- strain
- sprain
- tight muscles or trigger points
- hypomobility
- hypermobility
- sacroiliac dysfunction
What does agility require?
the use of perceptual-cognitive ability in combination with the ability to decelerate and then reaccelerate in an intended direction
True or False: You should avoid high impact activities after a Total Hip Arthroplasty.
True
True or False: Elbows, wrists and shoulders should all stay in contact with the wall throughout the entire Wall Slide movement.
True
True or False: It is ok while pregnant to exercise while you have a fever.
False
How long is a Mesocycle?
Several weeks to several months
What are common causes of Hyperkyphosis?
- Osteoporosis
- Congenital
- Poor Posture
What can you strengthen to prevent LBP?
- Hip Flexors
- Glutes
- Hamstrings
- Low back extensors
- Abdominals
True or False: PNF stretching has been shown to be benefecial for improving muscular performance before exercise
False.
In plyometrics, what is the “eccentric” muscle action known as?
Countermovement or Pre-Stretch
True or False: Wall Slides strengthen the low/mid traps and scapular retractors?
True
What must the landing surface be for plyometrics? What are some examples?
Shock absorbent
Grass Field, suspended floor, rubber mat
What are some exercises to help with Ball Kicking?
- Lunge + Jump
- Cable hip abduction/adduction
What are the benefits of exercise for pregnant women?
FEM COW PPLS
- Improved cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness
- Facilitated recovery from labor
- Faster return to pre-pregnancy weight, strength and flexibility levels
- Reduced postpartum belly
- More energy reserve
- Fewer obstetric interventions
- Shorter active phase of labor and less pain
- Less weight gain
- Improved mood and self-concept
- reduced feelings of stress, anxiety and depression
What exercise targets the Infraspinatus, Teres Minor and Posterior Deltoid?
External Rotation with band
Where are STRAINS most common?
near the musculotendinous juncture
True or False: Wall slides improve lumbar spine mobility.
False, they improve thoracic spine mobility.
True or False: Technique training is very important during the Preparation phase of periodization.
False
Frequency, Duration, Intensity: Repetition
Frequency: 1/wk
Duration: 30-90s with a work to rest ratio of 1:5
Intensity: Greater than VO2max
What is the MOI of a strain?
Abnormally high tensile force.
What is the goal during the Preparation phase of Periodization?
to establish a base level of conditioning to increase athlete’s tolerance for more intense training
Definition: Compound Set
Provide an example
2 exercise sets in a sequence without rest that work the same muscle group
eg. bench press and chest fly
Strength gains of _____% have been observed in children following ______ week RT programs.
30-40%
8-12 weeks
How long should you wait between speed sessions?
72+ hours
What type of soft tissue work is good at getting into the peroneal muscles?
Rolling Stick
What part of the back is more targeted in a WIDE grip bent over row?
Upper back.
What is being targeted when performing the Single Leg Balance on the Bosu Ball?
- Peroneals
- Tibialis Anterior
- Plantar Fascia
- Soleus