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Science T4 > Semester 2 Science Revision > Flashcards

Semester 2 Science Revision Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is an element

A

It is made up of only one type of atom.

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2
Q

Give 3 simple statements to define energy

A

Energy is the ability to do work.

Energy is needed to make things change or move.

All objects have energy.

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3
Q

What is kinetic energy

A

The energy of movement.

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4
Q

What are 4 types of kinetic energy

A

heat energy, light energy, sound energy, electrical energy

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5
Q

What is potential energy

A

Energy that is stored within objects.

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6
Q

Give 4 types of potential energy

A

gravitational PE, elastic PE, chemical PE, nuclear PE

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7
Q

What is the law of conservation of energy

A

Energy can’t be created or destroyed.

Energy can only be transformed from one form to another.

Energy may be transferred but is never lost.

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8
Q

What happens to the energy of an object when heat is added

A

Energy is added to its particles

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9
Q

What is conduction

A

Conduction is a type of heat transfer that occurs when two solid objects are in direct contact.

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10
Q

What is convection

A

The transfer of heat from one place to another due to the circular movement of fluid.

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11
Q

What is radiation

A

Transfer of heat through infrared waves.

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12
Q

The particle model

A

All substances are made up of tiny particles.

The particles are attracted to each another.

The particles are always moving.

The hotter something is the faster its particles move.

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13
Q

What is an atom

A

building block of matter

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14
Q

What is a pure substance

A

It is made up of only one type of chemical substance.

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15
Q

What is a compound

A

It is made up of 2 or more types of atoms.

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16
Q

What is a metalloid

A

A non-metallic substance that has some of the properties of both metals and non-metals.

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17
Q

What is a monatomic element

A

An element that is made up of many individual atoms.

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18
Q

What bonds do compounds form

A

ionic bonds, covalent bonds

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19
Q

Covalent bonds

A

atoms share electrons

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20
Q

Ionic bonds

A

atoms lose or gain electrons

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21
Q

Homogeneous mixture

A

Contains substances that are not evenly distributed and do not separate easily.

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22
Q

Heterogeneous mixture

A

It is not blended evenly and can be separated into its parts

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23
Q

Give 5 pieces of evidence of a physical change

A

change in shape, expansion or contraction, change in state, mixing or dissolving, a non-permanent colour change

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24
Q

Expansion

A

When particles are exposed to a higher temperature, absorb energy and convert to kinetic energy.

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25
Q

Contraction

A

When a substance cools, particles lose energy.

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26
Q

Chemical change

A

new substance is formed, often irreversible

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27
Q

Physical change

A

When the physical properties of a substance change, but no new chemical substance is formed.

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28
Q

Give 5 pieces of evidence of a chemical change

A

new substance is formed, permanent colour change, often irreversible, gas is being formed, change in temperature

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29
Q

Exothermic

A

Reaction that release energy.

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30
Q

Endothermic

A

Reactions that take energy from their surroundings.

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31
Q

Reproduction

A

Process by which parents produce new individuals.

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32
Q

What are the two basic methods of reproduction

A

asexual, sexual

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33
Q

In sexual reproduction what is the male gamete

A

sperm

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34
Q

In sexual reproduction what is the female gamete

A

Ovum

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35
Q

Meiosis

A

Is the process that forms gametes.

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36
Q

What is the process that forms gametes?

A

Meisosis is when a single cell divides to produce 4 new cells which are non identical

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37
Q

Internal fertilisation

A

occurs inside the body

38
Q

External fertilisation

A

occurs outside the body

39
Q

male gamete of plants

A

pollen

40
Q

female gamete of plants

A

ovule

41
Q

what reproductive structures do flowering plants contain

A

male and female

42
Q

stigma

A

site for pollen to be deposited

43
Q

style

A

connects stigma to ovary

44
Q

ovule

A

the name for the egg in plants

45
Q

flower stalk

A

supports and displays the flower

46
Q

petal

A

coloured parts that attract animals to allow for pollination

47
Q

anther

A

produces pollen that contains the male gamete

48
Q

filament

A

holds the anther

49
Q

sepal

A

covers the flower in the bud and protects it

50
Q

1st step for pollination

A

Pollen is produced in the anther

51
Q

2nd step for pollination

A

The pollen is transferred to the stigma through wind, insects etc.

52
Q

3rd step for pollination

A

The pollen develops a long tube. This grows down through the style, to the ovary, to the egg.

53
Q

4th step for pollination

A

The male gamete drops down from the pollen, along the tube, to the female gamete in the ovary. These gametes fuse to make a seed

54
Q

A fruit

A

is the remains of the ovary, plus all of the seeds within

55
Q

Puberty

A

A time in life when one becomes sexually mature and becomes able to reproduce

56
Q

Oestrogen

A
  • stimulates release of egg from ovaries
  • responsible for female secondary sexual characteristics
  • develops uterus lining
  • produced in ovaries
57
Q

Testosterone

A
  • stimulates production of sperm in testes
  • produced in much smaller amounts in females
  • responsible for male secondary sex characteristics.
58
Q

Progesterone

A
  • produced in ovaries
  • thickens lining of uterus
  • stimulates release of eggs from ovaries
  • drop in levels causes menstruation and causes lining to shed
  • production also stimulated by implantation of a fertilised egg in the uterus lining
59
Q

Stages of menstruation in order

A
  1. Follicular phase
  2. Ovulation
  3. Luteal phase
  4. if egg is not fertilised ovum disintegrate and lining sheds.
60
Q

Follicular phase

A

ovum and uterus lining develops

61
Q

Ovulation

A

ovum is released from ovary

62
Q

Luteal phase

A

ovum travels through fallopian tube and has potential to be fertilised

63
Q

4th phase

A

if egg is not fertilised ovum disintegrates and lining is shed

64
Q

Menstruation

A
  • Increase in Oestrogen and Progesterone leads to lining being built
  • Decrease in Progesterone leads to lining being shed
  • shedding of blood is menstruation
  • around 28 days
65
Q

Indicator of puberty for females

A

when first ovulation occurs

66
Q

Indicator of puberty for males

A

when first fertile sperm are produced

67
Q

Bladder

A

Male- holds urine for excretion

68
Q

Seminal Vesicle Gland

A

Male- releases liquid which mixes with sperm to form semen

69
Q

Prostate

A

Male- produces alkaline liquid that neutralises the acidic conditions of the vagina

70
Q

Sperm Duct

A

Male- tube that transports sperm from testes to penis

71
Q

Testes

A

Male- After puberty, produces sperm continuously for the remainder of the males life

72
Q

Scrotum

A

Male- protective sac of skin that holds the testes and responds to temperature change.

73
Q

Urethra

A

Male- tube through which semen and urine leaves the body

74
Q

Penis

A

Male- contains erectile tissue and urethra

75
Q

Ovaries

A

Female- produces ova (eggs)

76
Q

Vagina

A

Female- where semen enters the body and the passage through which babies are born.

77
Q

Cervix

A

Female- during child birth it dilates (opens up) to let the baby out

78
Q

Fallopian tube

A

Female- Ova (eggs) travel alone this tube to the uterus

79
Q

Uterus

A

Female- Ovum is fertilised with sperm. The ‘new cell’ implants itself and grows into a baby.

80
Q

Combustion reactions

A

Exothermic reaction, involves burning/exploding a substance in oxygen.

81
Q

Examples of asexual reproduction in animals

A

Budding, Fission, Parthenogenesis

82
Q

Copulation

A

Sperm are ejaculated from the penis into the vagina near the base of the cervix. Sperm then passes through the cervix into the uterus and swims towards the fallopian tubes. Most sperms die along the way.

83
Q

Fertilisation

A

Sperm race to the egg. The nucleus of the first sperm to make it inside fuses with the nucleus of the egg.

84
Q

What is a fertilised egg called?

A

Zygote

85
Q

Stages of baby development

A
  1. Zygote
  2. Embryo
  3. Foetus
86
Q

Zygote

A

First cell that forms. This cell continues to divide and attaches to the uterine wall.

87
Q

Embryo

A
  • 10 days after fertilisation implantation of the blastocyst occurs
  • Placenta develops
  • After 8 weeks baby is referred to as an embryo
  • develops spinal cord, heart, liver, lungs
88
Q

Foetus

A
  • After 9 weeks referred to as foetus
  • starts to resembles a human
  • arms and legs develop
  • genitals (penis, vagina) develop
  • Start to grow inside the womb
89
Q

3 properties of Non-Metals

A

State at room temperature- solid, gas or liquid
Lustre- Usually dull
Conductivity- can’t usually conduct electricity or heat.

90
Q

3 properties of Metals

A

State at room temperature- solid (except mercury)
Lustre- shiny when polished
Conductivity- conducts electricity and heat

Science T4 (1 decks)

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