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Psychology B > Semester 2 psychology exam > Flashcards

Semester 2 psychology exam Flashcards

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1
Q

What is lifespan psychology?

A

the scientific study of human development from conception to death

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2
Q

What are the 3 different changes that people go through

A

Biological, psychological and social

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3
Q

identify the developmental stages across the lifespan

A

prenatal, infancy, early childhood, childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, late adulthood

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4
Q

What is continuous development

A

development involves gradual and ongoing changes throughout the lifespan

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5
Q

What is discontinuous development

A

development involves distinct and separate stages with different kinds of behaviour occurring in each stage. You have to aster a stage before moving to the next one

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6
Q

Nature vs nurture debate

A

nature is heredity, genetics, and biological characteristics wheras nurture is the environment and experiences

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7
Q

Cross-sectional vs longditudinal studies

A

A cross-sectional study is an observational study that compares groups of different ages over a short period of time whereas a longitudinal is the same group over a longer period of time

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8
Q

cross-sectional studies benefits/limitations

A

B) not time-consuming
L) cohort effects

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9
Q

longditudinal studies benefits/limitations

A

B) long term effects can be studied
L)expensive;
time-consuming
participant attrition

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10
Q

difference between MZ and DZ twins

A

MZ share all genes/identical wheras DZ share half / fraternal

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11
Q

what are twin studies??

A

If MZ shows more similarity to each other than DZ, this shows that (nurture) genes influence the traits but if MZ and DZ share each other’s traits equally this indicates that the environment is the influence.

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12
Q

what are adoption studies

A

when you compare the child to their biological parents. If they are more similar to their parent, the genes is the influence but if they are similar to their adopted parent, then the environment which they grew up in is the influence of their behaviour.

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13
Q

What are the three theories of lifespan development

A

Piaget, Vygotsky and Erik Erikson

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14
Q

what is a schema

A

a cognitive structure/idea of what something is and how to deal with it.

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15
Q

What is assimilation

A

taking new information and making it part of an existing schema

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16
Q

What is accommodation

A

changing a schema to fit in new information

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17
Q

Example of assimilation, accommodation, schema scenario?

A

A child has a schema that a dog is a four-legged, furry animal with a tail. When the child encounters a cat, they assimilate and call the cat a dog. The child then learns that not all four-legged, furry animals with tails are dogs so they accommodate this information so they know there is a difference between dogs and cats.

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18
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

coordination of senses with motor responses,
object permanence, ie. objects exist even if you cant see or touch it

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19
Q

What is object permanence?

A

understanding that objects still exist even if they cannot be seen or touched

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20
Q

pre operatiional stage

A

symbolic thinking- using symbols to represent objects
egocentrism, seeing things from another persons perspective

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21
Q

egocentrism

A

unable to or have difficulty in seeing things from another person’s perspective.

22
Q

How to test egocentrism

A

three mountain problem.

23
Q

concrete operational stage

A

abstract thinking is challenging, logical thinking applied to objects real and present.
Conservation is mastered, an object does not change weight mass or volume when its shape changes.

24
Q

formal operational

A

complex and abstract problem thinking, applying, solving

25
Q

criticisms of Piagets theory

A
  • Children exhibit some cognitive abilities earlier than Piaget indicated (timing of the stage progression is more variable than Piaget proposed)
  • Does not consider the effect that social setting and culture may have on cognitive development
26
Q

Example of application of Piaget in education

A

 CONCRETE: an actual apple–it can be felt, manipulated, cut into, eaten, observed
 LESS CONCRETE: a picture of an apple
 ABSTRACT: the word apple

27
Q

Three components of Vygotsky’s theory

A

What i can learn on my own, what I can learn with help, beyond my reach

28
Q

what is scaffolding

A

help or guidance from the More Knowledgeable Other (or other tools) given to assist the learner when working in their ZPD. Could include collaborative learning and worked examples

29
Q

Name two of Erikson’s stages with depth

A

Trust vs mistrust
autonomy vs shame and doubt
initiative vs guilt
industry vs inferiority
identity vs role confusion
intimacy vs isolation
generatively vs stagnation
identity vs despair

30
Q

What is attachment

A

the close, emotional bond which forms between an infant and another person (usually a parent figure or caregiver)

31
Q

3 examples of attachment behaviours

A

crying to attract attention or to be held by anyone other than caregiver, clinging, vocalising

32
Q

what is stranger anxiety

A

an infant’s wariness when a stranger such as an unfamiliar adult is present.

33
Q

what is separation anxiety

A

the infant experiencing separation anxiety will resist anyone else who tries to provide comfort.

34
Q

what is a transitional object?

A

a doll, blanket or object which eases the anxiety of separation from the main caregiver 10-12months

35
Q

Susan and Suzanne are looking for childcare to send their daughter Suzie to. What characteristics should they look for?

A
  • good staff to child ratio, i.e no more than 5 kids to one
    caregiver
  • A broad range of activities to choose from
  • accessible toilets and washing
  • Good staff with adequate training
36
Q

What is the Mary Ainsworth situation procedure

A

The procedure involves series of eight episodes lasting approximately 3 minutes each, whereby a mother, child and stranger are introduced, separated and reunited.

37
Q

four attachment styles??

A

o SECURE: Appropriate distress when the mother leaves but can settle and resume when the mother comes back. Friendly with strangers when the mother is present but avoids when alone

o AMBIVALENT: Highly distressed when the mother leaves and seeks close contact but is also angry when she returns - can’t settle or resume playing for a long time. Always shows fear around strangers.

o AVOIDANT: No obvious distress when the mother leaves and does not seek contact when she returns - avoids her, ignores her, turns away. Okay around strangers.

o DISORGANISED: Apprehensive around a caregiver, may approach a stranger to find safety, inconsistent behaviour.

38
Q

How does technology assist in development

A

Online technology can be used for the improvement of motor skills, memory, and other skills. Technology is also used to maintain knowledge and skills in older people, such as those with dementia.

39
Q

What is mental health

A

is a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can establish positive relationships and contribute to the community, and can cope with the normal stresses of life

40
Q

What is a mental disorder

A

Diagnosable health condition and affects the way a person feels, thinks and experiences the world.

41
Q

Why/ how can a VIA-IS character strength be used to improve life and thrive?

A

improve relationships, enhance health and well-being, and buffer against, manage and overcome problems.

42
Q

Name 3 charcater strengths with depth

A

Love of learning, appreciation of beauty and excellence, love, gratitude, hope…

43
Q

What is flourishing

A

is when people experience positive emotions, positive psychological functioning and positive social functioning, most of the time, living within an optimal range of human functioning.
Can be described using PERMA

44
Q

How can PERMA be used to develop self-care and start flourishing? ie, each letter

A

P= positive emotion and what makes you feel good such as watching your favourite show, 3 good things or a gratitude journal…

E= engagement and what makes you lose track of time such as playing games, watching a show, or sports…

R=relationships and who brings you joy such as a partner, family, friends, catchups…

M=meaning and what makes you feel important in life such as spiritual activities, sending messages or gifts to people, sharing your passions and knowledge with others…

A= accomplishment and what are your goals and how can they be achieved such as making a list, new jobs, long term projects…

45
Q

what are the three routes to happiness?

A

Good life, ie temporary relief and pleasures such as drugs

pleasant life, such as using strengths in life and being in the zone/ flow when performing an activity.

meaningful life such as using strengths for a cause that’s something greater than yourself.

46
Q

What is the difference between passive and active?

A

Passive is accepting one’s conversation and talking but not giving a response or elaboration. Active is being enthusiastic and genuinely interested in the person’s conversation.

47
Q

what is the difference between destructive and constructive

A

destructive is being negative and potentially changing the subject or ignoring the talking whereas constructive is being positive and interested in the conversation.

48
Q

What is CBT

A

cognitive behavioural therapy.
is a form of psychological treatment that has been demonstrated to be effective for a range of problems including depression, anxiety disorders, alcohol and drug use problems, marital problems, eating disorders, and severe mental illness. 5-20 sessions.

Cognitive= identifying and changing / restructuring faulty, unhelpful thoughts. Three types of faulty thinking is catastrophising, overgeneralisation and personalisation.

Behavioural= changing unhelpful learned behavioural patterns by facing the situation, role play and learning relaxation techniques.

49
Q

what does CBT cognitive component involve?

A

involves efforts to change faulty or unhelpful thinking patterns. there are 3 types of unhelpful thinking: catastrophising- worst case thinker, overgeneralisation- one time= always and personalisation- its all my fault.

50
Q

what does CBT behavioural component involve?

A

involves efforts to change learned unhelpful behavioural patterns. These strategies might include:
mindfulness/relaxation, facing situations ( exposure therapy ) and role play

Psychology B (1 decks)

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