Semester 2 - Formulas Flashcards

1
Q

Break-up rotation rate

A

Fcent = Fgrav

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2
Q

Schwarszschild radius

A

Rs = 2GM/c^2

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3
Q

Potential energy

A

Ω = GM^2/R

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4
Q

Accretion Luminosity

A

Lacc = M(dot)Ω

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5
Q

density

A

p = n mH

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6
Q

virial theorem

A

2U + Ω = 0

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7
Q

total internal kinetic energy

A

U = 3/2 nkT V

remember p = nµmH

where V = M/p

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8
Q

Binding Energy

A

E = ∆mc^2

where ∆m = ([Zmp + Nmn]-M)

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9
Q

mass loss rate

A

M(dot) = L/Q

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10
Q

escape velocity

A

vesc = (2GM/R)^(1/2)

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11
Q

birth function

A

dN = Φ(M)dM

where Φ(M) is the birth function

Φ(M) ∝ M^(-2.35)

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12
Q

initial mass function

A

ξ(M) ∝ (M/M☉)^(-1.35)

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13
Q

effect of rotation

A

dv/dt = ω^2r -GM/r^2

and dv/dt = 1/2 dv^2/dr

L = mωr^2

Integrate

v -> 0 when r = r1 i.e v = 0

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14
Q

main sequence lifetime

A

τ ~ 1/M^2

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15
Q

Hydrostatic Equilibrium

A

dP/dr = -pg = -pGM/r^2

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16
Q

Larmor Gyro-radius

A

r = mv/|q|B

17
Q

Number of hydrogen

A

NH = M/Zmp

18
Q

Magnetic pressure

A

P = B^2/2μ0

which is equal to the magnetic energy density such that

UB = uB V

19
Q

Fully ionised hydrogen

A

μ = 0.5

20
Q

Mean Separation between particles

A

Δx = 1/n^1/3

21
Q

Fraction of mass converted to energy

A

f = Q value / rest mass

rest mass being i.e for 56Fe -> 56mpc^2

22
Q

Nuclear energy

A

E = f Mc^2

where f is the fraction of mass converted to energy

23
Q

Triple alpha process

A

4He + 4He -> 8Be

4He + 8Be -> 12C

24
Q

End of the isothermal phase

A

once all of the hydrogen and helium in the cloud is dissociated and ionised.

NH2ϵd + NHϵi,H + NHeϵi,He = Ω1 - Ω2

25
Q

Show that MJ ∝ p^1/2

A

Pg ∝ p^gamma

pkbT/μmH ∝ p^gamma

T ∝ p^gamma-1

MJ ∝ T^3/2/p^1/2

where gamma =5/3

26
Q

Mean molecular mass of neutral H2 and ionised H

A

μH2 = 2 and μH =0.5

27
Q

Derive the temperature at which H.E is established

A

Virial theorem
Assume dissociation and ionisation is complete
U = Ω(R2) = -GM^2/R2

and Ω(R2) = N/mH ϵi + N/2mH ϵd

U = 3/2NkT where N = M/mH and NH = 2N

T ~ 30,000K

28
Q

Sound speed

A

c = (P/p)^1/2

c^2 ∝ T/μ

29
Q

nuclear timescale

A

τ nuc = (fEfM Mc^2)/L

fE = 0.007
fM ~ 0.1

30
Q

Total energy

A

Etot = U + Ω

U = -Ω/2

Etot = -U

31
Q

two reactions between neutrinos and deuterium

A

v + 2H -> v + p + n : neutral current

ve + 2H -> e + p + p : charged current

32
Q

Schondberg-Chandrasekhar limit

A

M core ~ 0.37(μenv/μcore)^2 M

33
Q

Triple alpha process

A

4He + 4He + 4He -> 12C

34
Q

Derive the mass radius relationship of a white dwarf starting from the Lane Emden equation.

A

Start from lane emden equation looking specifically at the constant alpha.
Replace alpha with R = alpha ξ and rearrange for pc. Substitute this back into the lane emden equation and substitute for pc.

M ∝ R^(3-n)/(1-n)

where gamma = 1 + 1/n

35
Q

Chandrasekhar limiting mass

A

MCH = 1.457(2/μe)^2 M ☉

36
Q

Photodisintegration

A

56Fe + gamma -> 13 4He + 4n

4He + gamma -> 2p + 2n

37
Q

Energy of a core collapse supernova

A

Ep ~ GM^2(NS)/R(NS)

38
Q

Derive the Jeans Mass

A

Start from the virial theorem

Look at potential including alpha term, replace R by rearranging mass assuming uniform density

Looking at U replace N and V

Alpha = 3/5 for uniform density

Rearrange for mass