Semester 2 - Formulas Flashcards
Break-up rotation rate
Fcent = Fgrav
Schwarszschild radius
Rs = 2GM/c^2
Potential energy
Ω = GM^2/R
Accretion Luminosity
Lacc = M(dot)Ω
density
p = n mH
virial theorem
2U + Ω = 0
total internal kinetic energy
U = 3/2 nkT V
remember p = nµmH
where V = M/p
Binding Energy
E = ∆mc^2
where ∆m = ([Zmp + Nmn]-M)
mass loss rate
M(dot) = L/Q
escape velocity
vesc = (2GM/R)^(1/2)
birth function
dN = Φ(M)dM
where Φ(M) is the birth function
Φ(M) ∝ M^(-2.35)
initial mass function
ξ(M) ∝ (M/M☉)^(-1.35)
effect of rotation
dv/dt = ω^2r -GM/r^2
and dv/dt = 1/2 dv^2/dr
L = mωr^2
Integrate
v -> 0 when r = r1 i.e v = 0
main sequence lifetime
τ ~ 1/M^2
Hydrostatic Equilibrium
dP/dr = -pg = -pGM/r^2
Larmor Gyro-radius
r = mv/|q|B
Number of hydrogen
NH = M/Zmp
Magnetic pressure
P = B^2/2μ0
which is equal to the magnetic energy density such that
UB = uB V
Fully ionised hydrogen
μ = 0.5
Mean Separation between particles
Δx = 1/n^1/3
Fraction of mass converted to energy
f = Q value / rest mass
rest mass being i.e for 56Fe -> 56mpc^2
Nuclear energy
E = f Mc^2
where f is the fraction of mass converted to energy
Triple alpha process
4He + 4He -> 8Be
4He + 8Be -> 12C
End of the isothermal phase
once all of the hydrogen and helium in the cloud is dissociated and ionised.
NH2ϵd + NHϵi,H + NHeϵi,He = Ω1 - Ω2
Show that MJ ∝ p^1/2
Pg ∝ p^gamma
pkbT/μmH ∝ p^gamma
T ∝ p^gamma-1
MJ ∝ T^3/2/p^1/2
where gamma =5/3
Mean molecular mass of neutral H2 and ionised H
μH2 = 2 and μH =0.5
Derive the temperature at which H.E is established
Virial theorem
Assume dissociation and ionisation is complete
U = Ω(R2) = -GM^2/R2
and Ω(R2) = N/mH ϵi + N/2mH ϵd
U = 3/2NkT where N = M/mH and NH = 2N
T ~ 30,000K
Sound speed
c = (P/p)^1/2
c^2 ∝ T/μ
nuclear timescale
τ nuc = (fEfM Mc^2)/L
fE = 0.007
fM ~ 0.1
Total energy
Etot = U + Ω
U = -Ω/2
Etot = -U
two reactions between neutrinos and deuterium
v + 2H -> v + p + n : neutral current
ve + 2H -> e + p + p : charged current
Schondberg-Chandrasekhar limit
M core ~ 0.37(μenv/μcore)^2 M
Triple alpha process
4He + 4He + 4He -> 12C
Derive the mass radius relationship of a white dwarf starting from the Lane Emden equation.
Start from lane emden equation looking specifically at the constant alpha.
Replace alpha with R = alpha ξ and rearrange for pc. Substitute this back into the lane emden equation and substitute for pc.
M ∝ R^(3-n)/(1-n)
where gamma = 1 + 1/n
Chandrasekhar limiting mass
MCH = 1.457(2/μe)^2 M ☉
Photodisintegration
56Fe + gamma -> 13 4He + 4n
4He + gamma -> 2p + 2n
Energy of a core collapse supernova
Ep ~ GM^2(NS)/R(NS)
Derive the Jeans Mass
Start from the virial theorem
Look at potential including alpha term, replace R by rearranging mass assuming uniform density
Looking at U replace N and V
Alpha = 3/5 for uniform density
Rearrange for mass