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Biology Semester 2 > Semester 2 final exam > Flashcards

Semester 2 final exam Flashcards

1
Q

What happens in G1?

A

the cell increases in size

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2
Q

What happens in S phase?

A

DNA replication

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3
Q

What happens in G2?

A

the cell increases in size

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4
Q

What happens in prophase(mitosis)?

A

chromosomes become visible

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5
Q

What happens in metaphase(mitosis)?

A

the chromosomes line up in the center of the cell

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6
Q

What happens in anaphase(mitosis)?

A

spindle fibers pull sister chromatids to opposite poles of the cell

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7
Q

What happens in telephase(mitosis)?

A

2 daughter nuclei form

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8
Q

What happens in cytokinesis(mitosis)?

A

2 new daughter cells are formed

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9
Q

Which phase is a cell found in about 90%-95% of the time?

A

Interphase

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10
Q

Why is it significant that a cell perform the steps of interphase prior to dividing?

A

The cell grew most of the time.

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11
Q

Why are checkpoints in the cell cycle so significant?

A

They check for errors

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12
Q

What are sister chromatids? What holds them together?

A

identical copies formed by DNA replication; centromere

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13
Q

Which organelle is responsible for releasing spindle fibers to separate the sister chromatids?

A

centrosomes

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14
Q

Where is the DNA located in the cell?

A

In the nucleus

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15
Q

How many cells are used in meiosis1?

A

1 diploid parent cell

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16
Q

How many cells are used in meiosis2?

A

2 haploid parent cells

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17
Q

How many cells end in meiosis1?

A

2 haploid daughter cells

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18
Q

How many cells end in meiosis2?

A

4 haploid daughter cells

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19
Q

How do chromosomes align during metaphase1, meiosis1?

A

Homologous chromosomes line up opposite of eachother.

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20
Q

How do chromosomes align during metaphase2, meiosis2?

A

The chromosomes line up individually.

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21
Q

What major process takes place during prophase I to create a tremendous amount of genetic diversity and explain how it happens.

A

Crossing over

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22
Q

Which process takes place during metaphase I? How does this lead to genetic variation?

A

random assortment; the chromosomes are arranged randomly

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23
Q

What is the difference between haploid and diploid cells?

A

hapliod= 1 set of chromosomes
dipliod= 2 sets of chromosomes

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24
Q

Meiosis takes place in gametes. What are the names of these gametes in males? What are the names of these gametes in females?

A

egg and sperm

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25
What is the difference between homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids?
Sister chromatids are used in cell division, whereas, homologous chromosomes are used in reproductive division.
26
What is mitosis?
Process of cell division
27
What is meiosis?
cell division that creates egg and sperm cells
28
Where does mitosis occur?
somatic cells in the body
29
Where does meiosis occur?
During sexual reproduction
30
Why does mitosis happen?
For growth and to replace worn out cells
31
Why does meiosis happen?
To produce gametes or sex cells
32
Political Implication
Refers to the ruling political party that implements government policies
33
Ethical Implication
Considering the impact/consequences that it has on other people
34
Economic Implication
The eventual effects or results that events have on the economy
35
Social Implication
The impact that actions of an individual or group has on variables
36
What are genotypes and phenotypes and how do they relate?
Genotype is a person’s unique sequence of DNA, while a phenotype is the detectable expression of this genotype.
37
What is the difference between dominant and recessive alleles?
A dominant gene can override a recessive gene, both homozygous and heterozygous.
38
What is the difference between a homozygous and heterozygous genotype?
Homozygous means that you inherit 2 identical alleles, while heterozygous is the opposite meaning the alleles are different.
39
Regular Mendelian Inheritance
The inheritance of the traits is controlled by a single gene with 2 alleles
40
Incomplete Inheritance
When neither of the 2 alleles present is able to completely hide the other
41
Codominance Inheritance
When 2 alleles of the same gene are expressed separately to yield different traits in an individual.
42
SeX-Linked Inheritance
Characteristics that are influenced by genes carried on the sex chromosome
43
What are adaptations?
A modification of an organism that makes it more fit for existence
44
Natural selection
process where individuals adapt to their environment
45
What are the conditions necessary for natural selection to occur?
There has to be a struggle for existence
46
What does the term “fitness” mean as it relates to natural selection?
How well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment
47
Behavioral Isolation
When mismatches in mating traits prevent mating between species.
48
Temporal Isolation
When 2 populations differ in their periods of activity.
49
Habitat Isolation
When habitat preferences lower the probability of mating between organisms.
50
What is a species?
A group of organisms that can reproduce and have fertile offspring.
51
Stabilizing selection
When genetic diversity decreases as the population stabilizes on a particular trait value.
52
Directional selection
When individuals with traits on one side of the mean in their population survive better than those on the other.
53
Diversifying selection
When 2 subpopulations of a species that live in different environments select for different alleles.
54
Explain the difference between homologous and analogous structures.
Homologous structures share a common ancestor, whereas analogous structures share a common function.
55
What is a vestigial structure? Name one example found in humans.
A vestigial structure are structures that have no function and appear to be parts of past ancestry. For example, tailbones or an appendix.
56
Why are transitional fossils so important to evolutionary theory?
They show steps between one species and another through geologic time.
57
Organism
An individual animal, plant, or single-celled life form
58
Population
Any complete group with at least one characteristic in common
59
Community
A group of organisms living in the same place.
60
Ecosystem
A community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.
61
Biome
A large naturally occuring community.
62
How does birth rate and death rate impact population size?
birth>death = growth in population death>birth = decline in population
63
Describe the difference between exponential and logistic growth.
Exponential growth= j shaped graph, individuals of a population continue to grow at a constant rate Logistic growth= s shaped graph, population grows then stops after a period of exponential growth
64
What is the difference between density-dependent and density-independent factors?
Density dependent factors= competition, predation/herbivory, parasitism/disease, stress from overcrowding Density independent factors= weather, natural disaster

Biology Semester 2 (1 decks)

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