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Biology Semester 2 > Semester 2 final exam > Flashcards

Semester 2 final exam Flashcards

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1
Q

What happens in G1?

A

the cell increases in size

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2
Q

What happens in S phase?

A

DNA replication

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3
Q

What happens in G2?

A

the cell increases in size

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4
Q

What happens in prophase(mitosis)?

A

chromosomes become visible

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5
Q

What happens in metaphase(mitosis)?

A

the chromosomes line up in the center of the cell

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6
Q

What happens in anaphase(mitosis)?

A

spindle fibers pull sister chromatids to opposite poles of the cell

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7
Q

What happens in telephase(mitosis)?

A

2 daughter nuclei form

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8
Q

What happens in cytokinesis(mitosis)?

A

2 new daughter cells are formed

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9
Q

Which phase is a cell found in about 90%-95% of the time?

A

Interphase

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10
Q

Why is it significant that a cell perform the steps of interphase prior to dividing?

A

The cell grew most of the time.

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11
Q

Why are checkpoints in the cell cycle so significant?

A

They check for errors

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12
Q

What are sister chromatids? What holds them together?

A

identical copies formed by DNA replication; centromere

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13
Q

Which organelle is responsible for releasing spindle fibers to separate the sister chromatids?

A

centrosomes

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14
Q

Where is the DNA located in the cell?

A

In the nucleus

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15
Q

How many cells are used in meiosis1?

A

1 diploid parent cell

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16
Q

How many cells are used in meiosis2?

A

2 haploid parent cells

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17
Q

How many cells end in meiosis1?

A

2 haploid daughter cells

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18
Q

How many cells end in meiosis2?

A

4 haploid daughter cells

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19
Q

How do chromosomes align during metaphase1, meiosis1?

A

Homologous chromosomes line up opposite of eachother.

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20
Q

How do chromosomes align during metaphase2, meiosis2?

A

The chromosomes line up individually.

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21
Q

What major process takes place during prophase I to create a tremendous amount of genetic diversity and explain how it happens.

A

Crossing over

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22
Q

Which process takes place during metaphase I? How does this lead to genetic variation?

A

random assortment; the chromosomes are arranged randomly

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23
Q

What is the difference between haploid and diploid cells?

A

hapliod= 1 set of chromosomes
dipliod= 2 sets of chromosomes

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24
Q

Meiosis takes place in gametes. What are the names of these gametes in males? What are the names of these gametes in females?

A

egg and sperm

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25
Q

What is the difference between homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids?

A

Sister chromatids are used in cell division, whereas, homologous chromosomes are used in reproductive division.

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26
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Process of cell division

27
Q

What is meiosis?

A

cell division that creates egg and sperm cells

28
Q

Where does mitosis occur?

A

somatic cells in the body

29
Q

Where does meiosis occur?

A

During sexual reproduction

30
Q

Why does mitosis happen?

A

For growth and to replace worn out cells

31
Q

Why does meiosis happen?

A

To produce gametes or sex cells

32
Q

Political Implication

A

Refers to the ruling political party that implements government policies

33
Q

Ethical Implication

A

Considering the impact/consequences that it has on other people

34
Q

Economic Implication

A

The eventual effects or results that events have on the economy

35
Q

Social Implication

A

The impact that actions of an individual or group has on variables

36
Q

What are genotypes and phenotypes and how do they relate?

A

Genotype is a person’s unique sequence of DNA, while a phenotype is the detectable expression of this genotype.

37
Q

What is the difference between dominant and recessive alleles?

A

A dominant gene can override a recessive gene, both homozygous and heterozygous.

38
Q

What is the difference between a homozygous and heterozygous genotype?

A

Homozygous means that you inherit 2 identical alleles, while heterozygous is the opposite meaning the alleles are different.

39
Q

Regular Mendelian Inheritance

A

The inheritance of the traits is controlled by a single gene with 2 alleles

40
Q

Incomplete Inheritance

A

When neither of the 2 alleles present is able to completely hide the other

41
Q

Codominance Inheritance

A

When 2 alleles of the same gene are expressed separately to yield different traits in an individual.

42
Q

SeX-Linked Inheritance

A

Characteristics that are influenced by genes carried on the sex chromosome

43
Q

What are adaptations?

A

A modification of an organism that makes it more fit for existence

44
Q

Natural selection

A

process where individuals adapt to their environment

45
Q

What are the conditions necessary for natural selection to occur?

A

There has to be a struggle for existence

46
Q

What does the term “fitness” mean as it relates to natural selection?

A

How well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment

47
Q

Behavioral Isolation

A

When mismatches in mating traits prevent mating between species.

48
Q

Temporal Isolation

A

When 2 populations differ in their periods of activity.

49
Q

Habitat Isolation

A

When habitat preferences lower the probability of mating between organisms.

50
Q

What is a species?

A

A group of organisms that can reproduce and have fertile offspring.

51
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

When genetic diversity decreases as the population stabilizes on a particular trait value.

52
Q

Directional selection

A

When individuals with traits on one side of the mean in their population survive better than those on the other.

53
Q

Diversifying selection

A

When 2 subpopulations of a species that live in different environments select for different alleles.

54
Q

Explain the difference between homologous and analogous structures.

A

Homologous structures share a common ancestor, whereas analogous structures share a common function.

55
Q

What is a vestigial structure? Name one example found in humans.

A

A vestigial structure are structures that have no function and appear to be parts of past ancestry. For example, tailbones or an appendix.

56
Q

Why are transitional fossils so important to evolutionary theory?

A

They show steps between one species and another through geologic time.

57
Q

Organism

A

An individual animal, plant, or single-celled life form

58
Q

Population

A

Any complete group with at least one characteristic in common

59
Q

Community

A

A group of organisms living in the same place.

60
Q

Ecosystem

A

A community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.

61
Q

Biome

A

A large naturally occuring community.

62
Q

How does birth rate and death rate impact population size?

A

birth>death = growth in population
death>birth = decline in population

63
Q

Describe the difference between exponential and logistic growth.

A

Exponential growth= j shaped graph, individuals of a population continue to grow at a constant rate
Logistic growth= s shaped graph, population grows then stops after a period of exponential growth

64
Q

What is the difference between density-dependent and density-independent factors?

A

Density dependent factors= competition, predation/herbivory, parasitism/disease, stress from overcrowding
Density independent factors= weather, natural disaster

Biology Semester 2 (1 decks)

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