Semester 2 Final Flashcards
When Jesus asked Peter who Peter thought Jesus was, Peter said that Jesus was the _____.
Messiah
What city was the headquarters in part two of Acts, (chapters 13-28)?
Antioch
At various times Peter and the apostles stood before the Jewish Court, known as the ____.
Sanhedrin
Which official watched over the cloaks of those who killed Stephen, the first Christian martyr?
Paul
Part two of Acts indicates that the Jews outside Israel reject the gospel so it’s preached to ____.
Gentiles
Jesus gave Peter the title of “____.”
Rock
In part one of Acts, the Jews of the country rejected the Gospel.
Israel
To what town was Paul traveling when he received the vision of Jesus and was blinded?
Damascus
Peter and Paul were both willing to die for ____.
Jesus
After becoming Christian, we know that Paul made three ____ journeys throughout Asia Minor.
missionary
Peter demonstrated that he had the qualities of a ____.
leader
Peter and Paul were executed while this Roman emperor ruled.
Nero
In addition to his gospel, what other book did Luke write?
Acts
Peter, like his brother Andrew, earned his living as a ____.
fisherman
It was decided that the Gentiles converting to Christianity did not have to first become Jewish at a council held in what city?
Jerusalem
Paul wrote many letters, of which how many contain his name in the Scripture?
thirteen
Jesus appeared to people, after His Resurrection, over how many days?
forty
On this day, the Christian believers received the Holy Spirit and spoke in different tongues.
Pentecost
Paul earned a living as a ____.
tentmaker
As a Jew, Paul looked down on the Gentiles; as a ____ he especially went out to the Gentiles.
Christian
Because of Paul’s Roman ____, he was guaranteed certain legal rights.
citizenship
Paul, before becoming a Christian, was a Jewish ____.
Pharisee
Tradition says that Peter died for Jesus by being ____ up side down.
crucified
Paul died for Jesus by being ____.
beheaded
Paul was born in the city of ____.
Tarsus
Who is the main character in part one of Acts, (chapters 1-12)?
Peter
This word means to predict the future.
foretell
This number, in apocalyptic writing, refers to either the Jews or the Christians.
twelve
The author of Revelation.
John
Chapter 17 depicts Rome as a what, sitting on a seven-headed beast?
woman
The prison island of Patmos is located about 30 miles off the coast of this country.
Turkey
Revelation was written to ____tell.
forth
This Aramaic phrase is translated: “Come Lord Jesus.”
Marana Tha
Unlike other ____ books containing apocalyptic writing, Revelation is entirely apocalyptic.
New Testament
The English translation of “Apokulupsis.”
revelation
This word means to reveal what is hidden.
apocalyptic
Nero began the ____ of the Christians only in the city of Rome.
persecutions
Apocalyptic writers used symbols of good and evil. The symbol of the “Son of Man” in Daniel refers to ____.
Jesus
This word means to explain the present and the past.
forthtell
In Revelation, the Kingdom of God is related to an unending ____.
liturgy
The Beast of Revelation is not limited to one person in history because the book is ____.
transhistorical
There were a number of emperors referred to in Revelation. The fifth emperor was whom?
Nero
The mark of the ____ is 666.
Beast
The author of Revelation received his vision on what day?
Sunday
Any human system may be the Beast if it makes itself a ____.
god
The style of writing used in Revelation, was developed during a time of Jewish persecution, as revealed in the Book of ____.
Daniel
This number, in apocalyptic writing, refers to the created world.
four
This emperor began persecuting Christians throughout the entire empire.
Domitian
666 is derived from the Hebrew numerical equivalents of Nero’s complete Latin name which is ____.
Neron Caesar
The Book of Revelation was written during Domitian’s rule; how many emperors ruled before him?
seven
It was decided that Gentiles did not first have to become Jewish at the ____ Council.
Jerusalem
Paul and the early Christians believed that the Risen Jesus ____ and He will return soon
lives
Paul realized that ____ is alive in the whole group of believers.
Jesus
Paul defended Gentiles joining Christianity without first becoming ____.
Jewish
Paul’s ____ journeys spanned more than ten years.
Missionary
Most scholars agree that Paul wrote ____ of the thirteen epistles credited to him.
seven
In Paul’s second letter to the ____, he writes of his missionary perils.
Corinthians
Any one ____ would have taken weeks, not hours, to complete.
epistle
This city was a meeting place for eastern and western travelers and significant for Paul’s work.
Ephesus
According to “Acts,” Paul was under house ____ for two years.
arrest
By attributing authorship of one’s work to another, it showed ____ for that person.
respect
Paul’s letters followed a consistent pattern; salutation, ____, body, final instruction and closing.
thanksgiving
Paul recognizes that Jesus takes the ____, meets people where they are at and can change their lives.
initiative
Two themes of Paul’s letters are: ____ is through Jesus and the Church is the “Body of Christ”
salvation
After Paul’s conversion experience, he took up residence in ____.
Damascus
It took the average scribe about one minute to write just three ____, about 72 words per hour!
syllables
Eventually Paul is killed by being ____ under the authority of the Roman emperor Nero.
beheaded
The “catholic” epistles were written for the universal church, rather than to a local ____.
community
Paul’s frequently quoted description of ____ is found in “First Corinthians.”
love
Paul’s first meeting with Peter and James in Jerusalem established that Paul could be seen as an ____.
Apostle
Many believe Paul’s letter to the ____ is one of the most significant Christian writings.
Romans
Paul’s letter to the Romans says one might ____ for a good person, but Jesus died for sinners!
die
Besides the thirteen Pauline letters and the letter to the Hebrews, there are seven ____ epistles.
Catholic
The word “catholic” means
universal
Paul’s letter to the Romans is the ____ letter in the Christian Scripture because it’s longest.
first
Paul spoke with passion due to his conversion experience and the belief that Jesus is the ____.
Messiah
Letters in Paul’s day were tedious to write and normally done by professional writers or ____.
scribes
In addition to Jewish converts many of Paul’s converts were ____.
Gentile
Paul was arrested in Jerusalem for supposedly bringing a Gentile into the ____.
temple
“Romans” was Paul’s ____ letter to be included in the Christian Scripture.
last
In Paul’s day, letters were written on papyrus or ____.
parchment
In Corinth, Paul writes the first of his letters found in the Scripture: “First ____.”
Thessalonians
In the church of Antioch, the followers were first called ____.
Christian
Behind Paul’s changing emotions we see two qualities: Love for people and ____ in Jesus.
faith
Because ____ didn’t want to face a Jewish trial in Jerusalem, he appealed to be tried in Rome.
Paul
Paul’s trip to Rome was interrupted by a ____.
shipwreck
What magazine contained the picture of the gang members on trial?
Life
Even after the bad ____ in the newspapers, Davids parents were not angry with him.
publicity
The house that David bought for the Teen ____ Center was large but in poor condition.
Challenge
David decided to hold a rally for teenagers at St. ____ Arena.
Nicholas
Miles ____ was David’s traveling companion to New York during the trial of the seven gang members.
Hoover
Nicky and his wife Gloria ____ to help out at the Teen Center.
volunteered
David obtained the required signatures but was kept from seeing the boys on trial by the ____.
chaplain
Nicky brought up the money ____ on the final night of the really.
collection
Before surrendering to God, what would make Nicky laugh whenever he saw it?
blood
David’s ____ told him to pray out loud, with confidence, in front of people for requests from God.
grandfather
What did gang members call fighting, sometimes to the death?
jitterbugging
The morning after the rally, some ____ wanted the police to sign their bibles.
Mau Maus
Because of the rally, David was not able to be with his wife for the birth of his ____.
son
David told the gang members collecting the rally money to bring it back ____, by the exit.
stairs
The Teen Challenge Center would have been ____ for good, if not for a $15,000 gift.
closed
David had caused the ____ not to like him, resulting in his acceptance by the gangs.
police
“Horror House” was the gang members’ slang for ____.
home
The rally was often interrupted by kids “breaking up,” also known as ____.
laughing
JoJo, the president of the Coney Island ____, prayed to God to give David a baby boy.
Dragons
Nicky became a ____, after leaving the gang.
preacher
At times, the volunteers from the Teen Center were ____ when they spoke to gang members.
harassed
The day David attended the trial he was questioned by the police for trying to talk to the ____.
judge
Some of the seven boys on trial received prison ____.
sentences
David wasn’t able to get, from Mr. Alvarez, the addresses of all the gang members on ____.
trial
Who was the president of the GGI Debs, a major girl’s gang?
Maria
The first two Greek letters in the name “Christ.”
Chi Roh
Due to low money circulation during the Middle Ages, land was used like money giving the rise to the social system known as ____.
feudalism
This reformer was an Augustinian monk.
Luther
Luther accepted the theological principle of ____ alone, excluding all other Tradition.
Scripture
A major break in the Church where there is the refusal to submit to the Pope or those in communion with him is known as ____.
schism
These provided an opportunity to “win heaven” by rescuing the Holy Land and the Eastern Church from the Muslims.
Crusades
The “Act of Supremacy” proclaimed that the ____ headed the Church of England.
monarchy
The practice of buying and selling Church offices is known as ____.
simony
Life during the Middle Ages caused people to see God as angry and ____.
judgmental
The Council of Trent defended the theological principle of Scripture and ____.
Tradition
A First Century Jewish sect that accepted the Torah only.
Sadducees
During the Barbarian invasion of Europe, the Church became the ____ of order and justice.
guardian
As a result of Christianity’s secularization, these individuals fled to the desert and lived lives of prayer and poverty.
hermits
This practice of remaining unmarried developed so that Church positions and land could not be inherited.
celibacy
This teaching confirms that when the Pope defines a doctrine concerning faith and morals it is without error.
infallibility
With the Inquisition, bishops were responsible for finding and ____ heresies.
.
Once legalized, Christianity and ____ politics mixed.
secular
This person legalized Christianity with the Edict of Milan.
Constantine
Though praying for the dead was an early Christian practice, the belief in ____ became firmly rooted during Pope Gregory the Great’s papacy.
Purgatory
This King of the Franks offered military assistance to the Church, one he was crowned emperor of the West.
Charlemagne
This Vatican Council was the largest to date and brought about many widespread changes.
two
This refers to the remission of punishment due after a sin is forgiven.
indulgence
One who denies one or more doctrines of faith is known as a ____.
heretic
During the Dark Ages, “____ tribes” overran the Western Roman Empire.
barbarian
The belief that some were destined for heaven but most for hell is known as ____.
predestination
Two of the three infallible “ex cathedra” pronouncements concern this person.
Mary
We celebrate Jesus’ Incarnation during the Church Season.
Christmas
At the “____ Mass” the bishop blesses the sacred oils used throughout the year.
Chrism
This Church Season awaits Jesus’ birth and begins the Liturgical Year.
Advent
The “Transfer of the ____” involves moving the consecrated bread to a special place, other than the Tabernacle, on Holy Thursday.
Eucharist
The liturgies of this time are a continuous celebration of Jesus’ Paschal journey.
Triduum
This is the Church’s official, public, communal prayer.
liturgy
Fifty days after Easter we celebrate the gift of the Holy Spirit on this day.
Pentecost
A Sacrament is an ____ and visible sign of God’s invisible grace, instituted by Christ.
efficacious
Veneration of the cross occurs on this day.
Good Friday
The Sacred Chrism is used for anointing during the Sacraments of Baptism, Confirmation and Holy ____.
Orders
At the Easter Vigil, the “Sacraments of ___” occur: Baptism, Confirmation, and Eucharist.
Initiation
Easter begins with the celebration of the “Easter ____.”
Vigil
The most fundamental holy day is ____.
Sunday
During “Ordinary Time” the Church reflects on the call of discipleship while waiting for Jesus’ ____.
return
The cycle of religious feasts that form the context for the Church’s worship is called the “____ Year.”
Liturgical
The first day of Triduum is ____.
Holy Thursday
Forty days after Easter we celebrate this event.
Ascension
Remembering Christ’s call to holiness and sacrifice occurs during the Season.
Lent
____-of-Bishops”: Assembly of bishops, headed by the Pope, that holds the teaching authority and responsibility in the Church.
College
Official, authoritative teaching(s) of the Church based on the Revelation of God.
doctrine
The Holy Spirit’s gift to the Pope, in union with the bishops, to teach on matters of faith and morals without error.
infallibility
Name giver, to the action of changing the bread and wine into the body and Blood of Jesus during the Eucharist.
transubstantiation
Characterized by the equal sharing of responsibility and authority among the members of a group.
collegial
The Holy Spirit, as referred to by Jesus in John 14:16.
advocate
Also known as a “particular” or “local” Church, the regional community of believers who gather in parishes under the leadership of a bishop.
diocese
Having a spiritual meaning that is neither apparent to the senses nor obvious to the intelligence.
mystical
Seat of the central administration of the whole Church, under the leadership of the Pope. From the Latin sancta sedes, meaning “holy seat.”
Holy See
Refers to the Church remaining uncorrupted and faithful to the teachings of Christ until the end of time.
indefectibility
Teachings recognized as central to Church teaching, as defined by the Magisterium, and accorded the fullest authority.
dogma
A habitual and firm disposition to do good.
virtue
Someone who serves as a substitute or agent for someone else.
vicar
The Church’s official, public prayer; most importantly is the Eucharist or Mass.
liturgy
Teaching office of the Church, consisting of all bishops in communion with the Pope.
Magisterium
Line of authority in the Church involving the Pope and bishops as successors of the Apostles.
hierarchy
Of or relating to a bishop.
episcopal
Free and undeserved gift of God’s loving and active presence in our lives, empowering us to respond to God’s call.
grace
A Christian person’s activity that fulfills the apostolic nature of the Church by working to extend Christ’s Kingdom to the entire world.
apostolate
Refers to those choosing to remain unmarried in order to devote themselves completely.
celibacy
One of the four marks of the Church, meaning “universal.”
Catholic
Latin for “let it be done;” referring to Mary’s response at the Annunciation.
fiat
Dogma recognizing that the Blessed Virgin’s body was taken directly to Heaven after her life on Earth had ended.
assumption
The movement to restore unity among all Christians.
ecumenism
A major break that causes division; refusing to submit to the Pope or to be in communion with the Church.
Schism
Greek title for Mary, meaning “God Bearer.”
Theotokos
A state of final purification which one may need to enter following death and before entering Heaven.
Purgatory
To be founded on the Twelve Apostles.
apostolic
The means by which the Church takes away the punishment a person would receive in Purgatory.
indulgence
“____ Counsels”; A call to strive for spiritual perfection through a life committed to chastity, poverty, and obedience.
evangelical
Sexual integrity; integrating one’s sexuality into their total person.
chastity
“Sacred ____”; From the Latin, meaning “to hand on.” Refers to the process of passing on the Gospel message, beginning orally with the Apostles, written down in the Scriptures, and continues to be interpreted by the Magisterium through the Spirit.
Tradition
An official presentation of the faith, usually presented by a council of the Church.
Creed
A free and conscious commitment made to other persons, to the Church, or to God.
vow
“Apostolic ____”; Uninterrupted passing on of apostolic preaching and authority directly to all bishops.
succession
A severe penalty, resulting from grave sin against Church law, banning a person from the Sacraments.
excommunication
Of or relating to a church.
ecclesial
Which religious attitude has a totally negative attitude toward religious things?
Casper
Which religious attitude sees religion as unimportant, boring?
Hillary
Which religious attitude does what is religiously expected of him/her?
Zady
Which religious attitude has made his/her own decision to be a Catholic-Christian?
Brutus
Which psychological person represents the taught concepts in life?
Parent
Which psychological person represents the thought concepts?
Adult
Which psychological person represents the felt concepts?
Child
Which psychological person plays, pouts, laughs, cries, and explores?
Child
Which psychological person pressures, blames, finds fault, gives orders, and domineers?
Parent
Which psychological person figures things out, solves problems, weighs consequences, understands, and thinks things through?
Adult
In regards to others which psychological person understands, trusts, and loves?
Adult
In regard to others which psychological person protects (overly), dominates, blames, and finds fault?
Parent
In which psychological person are wishes, fears, feelings, guilts, delights, and frustrations found?
Child
Sources of which psychological person are parents, teachers, older children, and the TV?
Parent
Which psychological person is strict, uncompromising, inconsistent, and protective?
Parent
In which psychological person are values, ideas, realities, and truths found?
Adult
Which psychological person is spontaneous, curious, charming, playful, demanding, jealous, carefree, and pouty?
Child
In which psychological parent are laws, regulations, sanctions, prejudices, taboos, threats, and social pressures found?
Parent
Which psychological person is aware, creative, responsible, and thoughtful?
Adult
Felt reactions to people, and experiences are sources of which psychological person?
Child
In regard to others which psychological person enjoys, uses, manipulates, and takes advantage of?
Child
Sources of which psychological person are experience and examined data form the parent or the child?
Adult
List the 5 Parent/God experiences in order.
Provider, Wonder Worker, Bosses, Enemies, Friends
List the 6 levels of maturity/morality in order.
Spanking, Lollipop. Good Boy/Girl, Play by Rules, Conviction, Love
List the 6 Stages of Change, in order.
Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance, Hope
God is not changed by time; however, our __________________ and ___________________ of him do change with time
perception, understanding
The Jews struggled with the Greek practice of religious ___________________, which combined Greek customs and practices with the customs and practices of the people they conquered.
syncretization
By the First Century, a variety of Jewish ___________ had developed due to their struggle to adapt and still remain loyal to God
sects
What sect was made up of the wealthy and chief priests?
sadducees
What sect accepted the Torah only?
Sadducees
What sect was primarily politically motivated?
Sadducees
What sect was made of well-educated lay people?
Pharisees
What sect focused on the Torah and other written and oral tradition?
Pharisees
What sect focused on the fact that Israel was guided by God?
Pharisees
What sect broke from conventional society, due to gentile contact?
Essenes
Which sect preached sin and forgiveness?
Essenes
What sect believed the end was near?
Essenes
Which sect were militant Jews?
Zealots
Which sect wanted a militant Messiah?
Zealots
Which sect was more militant than religious?
Zealots
Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire because of the ____ communities in every city.
Jewish
Why was the early Church persecuted?
it was considered anti-social, barbaric and cannibalistic, ignorant (uneducated), stupid, treasonous.
Why was the early Church considered anti-social?
Refused to participate in Roman events involving Roman gods.
Why was the early Church considered barbaric and cannibalistic?
Rumors of “love feasts” being orgies and misunderstanding about the Body and Blood of Jesus.
Why was the early Church considered ignorant (uneducated)?
Christianity included all classes.
Why was the early Church considered stupid?
No logic to martyrdom and resurrection of body.
Why was the early Church considered treasonous?
Refused to accept Roman gods.
Did the degree of persecutions varied during the first three centuries?
yes
In the West, ____________________ victoriously marched on Rome after receiving a vision from God telling him to place a Chi-Rho symbol on his soldiers’ shields and standards.
Constantine
The “Chi” and “Rho” are the first two Greek letters in the name ______________.
Christ
Though Christianity became legal c. 313, with the __________________________, Constantine did not become Christian until on his deathbed.
Edict of Milan
With Christianity’s legalization, religion and _______________ politics mixed.
secular
Constantine regularly ___________________ in the life of the Church.
interfered
What was the positive effect of Constantine regularly interfering in the life of the Church?
Christian values imbedded in the public consciousness.
What was the negative effect of Constantine regularly interfering in the life of the Church?
Many seeking Church membership were seeking power and prestige, not always was there a conversion of heart.
What was the result of the fact that many seeking Church membership were seeking power and prestige, and not always was there a conversion of heart.
As a result, many Christians fled to the desert to take up the hermit life and embrace poverty.
Those embracing this way of life developed religious communities that continue to the present day.
______________________ tribes overran the Western Roman Empire.
Barbarian
What was the intention of barbarian tribes that overran the Western Roman Empire?
Seek benefits of civilization
Adopting Christian faith was a sign and means of ____?
civilization
The Church became the guardian of ______________ and _______________ as the empire crumbled.
order, justice
- The Church offered protection and security from the ________________ of this world and the next
dangers
What danger of this world did the Church offer security from?
Charlemagne sought to control the Church and saw it as a branch of his government.
Charlemagne, king of the ______________ who was crowned emperor of the West in 800 by Pope Leo III, offered military assistance to the Church but also sought to control the Church.
Franks
Charlemagne saw the Church as a branch of his ________________________.
Government
During the papacy of Pope Gregory the Great, (590-604), the belief of ____________________
became firmly rooted.
Purgatory
During the Middle Ages (9th-16th cent.) the Church did not develop the image of an angry, judgmental God. _________ did!
The Church tried to help people ________________________ in the midst of chaos, though it, too, was influenced by life’s events.
Life
Rely on God
When were there a variety of Jewish sects? (Sadducees, Pharisees, Essenes, Zealots)
By the first century
When did Constantine victoriously march on Rome?
4th century
When did Christianity become legal with the Edict of Milan?
c. 313
When did Constantine regularly interfere with the life of the Church?
4th century
When did barbarian tribes overrun the Western Roman Empire?
5-8th cent. (Dark Ages)
After Charlemagne’s death, East/West trade was _______________ due to conflicts with the Arabs.
Interrupted
After Charlemagne’s death, East/West trade was interrupted due to ____.
conflicts with Arabs.
After Charlemagne’s death, there was little ____ circulation due to lack of East/West trade.
money
After Charlemagne’s death, ____ was used like money.
land
PREREF - Papacy fought for power, leading to
• Rich and Powerful using Church ____________ and ____________ for personal gain. • ______________ (The buying and selling of Church positions.)
Offices
Land
Simony
What is Simony?
the buying and selling of Church positions
What reform movement sought to reform in the midst of Pre-Reformation chaos?
Clunaic Reform Movement
When was the Clunaic Reform Movement?
909 A.D.
The Clunaic Reform Movement (909 AD) Began as a ____________________ reform, later adapted and promoted by the _______________.
monastery
papacy
During the Pre-Reformation, God raises up holy people within the Church during times of crisis: ____
Saints
Crusades
• Attack against non-Christians and _______________. (One who denies one or more doctrines of faith.)
• Opportunity to “win Heaven” by:
+ Rescuing the ________________ and the Eastern (Byzantine) Church from Muslims.
Heretics
Holy Land
What is a heretic?
one who denies on or more doctrines of faith.
Inquisition
• An effort to convert hearts away from _________________.
Heresies
Great Schism
• Refers to the split between Eastern and Western Christianity in the year __________.
1054
Schism: The refusal of submission to the Roman _____________ or of communion with members of the Church subject to him. (CCC)
Pontiff
The refusal of submission to the Roman Pontiff or of communion with members of the Church subject to him. (CCC)
schism
• From the Catholic Church’s perception, the major difference between Eastern and Western Christianity Jesus
primarily involves the teaching authority and universal jurisdiction of the papacy established by __________ through Peter.
Jesus
• Two of Luther’s theological principals are: Scripture
+ ________________ alone (excluding all other historical tradition and practice)
+ ________________ alone (good works are not necessary)
Scripture
Faith
The belief that some were predestined for heaven but most for hell. The “elect” were those who exhibited good moral behavior and were blessed with earthly success.
Predestination
John Calvin - A Frenchman, best known for his teachings on ________________
Predestination
A Frenchman, best known for his teachings on Predestination
John Calvin
How would the belief of predestination affect those who accepted it?
The rich won’t take care of the poor.
Because the Pope would not allow the king to divorce his wife, Catherine, ____ broke away from the Catholic Church to start the Church of England.
King Henry VII
Because the Pope would not allow the king to divorce his wife, Catherine, Henry broke away from the Catholic Church to start the Church of England. The English parliament passed the “Act of Supremacy,” proclaiming
the _________________ head of the Church of England, in 1559.
Monarchy
The Council of Trent
• was called in response to the _____________________________.
Protestant Reformation
The Council of Trent Defended both _________________ and ______________.
Scripture
Tradition
The Council of Trent • Clarified the “_______________ Church” and the “_______________ Church.”
[Laity (learners) was to rely on the wisdom of the bishops and priests (teachers) regarding Scriptural
interpretation.]
• Clarified the seven ___________________.
teaching
learning
sacraments
When was the Council of Trent?
1545-1563
Vatican I was called for by Pope _______
Pius IX
• One of the main outcomes of Vatican I was the proclamation on ___________________________.
+ This teaching confirms that when the pope defines a doctrine, concerning faith and morals, it is without error.
infallibility
Ex cathedra is a Latin phrase meaning: “_________________________.”
From the Chair
There have been three ex cathedra pronouncements, to date, dealing with the topics of:
“ __________________________________, (1870)
“The _______________________________, (1854)
“The _______________________________, (1854)
Papal Infallibility
Immaculate Conception
Assumption of Mary
Charlemagne offered ____ to the church but also sought to ____ the church.
military assistance
control
King of the Franks crowned emperor of the West by Pope Leo III in 800.
Charlemagne
When was Charlemagne crowned emperor of the West?
800
Who crowned Charlemagne emperor of the West?
Pope Leo III
