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Semester 1 Exam > Semester 2 Biology > Flashcards

Semester 2 Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Heterozygous

A

When the alleles from each parent are different

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2
Q

Dominant

A

Allele that covers up the recessive allele

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3
Q

Recessive

A

Allele that gets covered up by the dominant. (Lower case).

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4
Q

Gamete

A

Egg and sperm

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5
Q

Zygote

A

First cell formed after fertilization

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6
Q

Karyotype

A

Chromosomes removed from a dividing cell. Placed in a chart according to size with their homologous partner. Helps determine gender and genetic disorders.

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7
Q

Genotype

A

A list of alleles for possible offspring

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8
Q

Phenotype

A

List of appearances for possible offspring. Physical traits.

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9
Q

Probability

A

The likelihood that a particular event will occur

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10
Q

Law/principle of independent assortment

A

Genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of genes.

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11
Q

Principle of segregation

A

Each gamete carries only one allele for each gene.

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12
Q

Mendel

A

Founded genetics

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13
Q

Gene

A

A piece of DNA

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14
Q

Trait

A

A specific characteristic for an individual

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15
Q

Carrier

A

Someone who has the gene for a trait, but doesn’t express/ show it

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16
Q

P1 generation

A

The first generation

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17
Q

F1 generation

A

Second generation

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18
Q

F2 generation

A

Third generation

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19
Q

Test cross

A

A individual of unknown genotype is crossed with a homozygous recessive individual

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20
Q

Mono hybrid cross

A

A cross between individuals that uses one trait

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21
Q

Co dominance

A

Both alleles are dominant and fight for expression

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22
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Neither allele is completely dominant. (Blending).

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23
Q

Sex determination

A

A punnet square using x and y can be used to find probability that kid will be a boy or girl. There is a 50 50 chance.

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24
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

Any cross involving two traits at a time. Use 16 squares.

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25
Q

Chromosome

A

Genetic info bundled into packages of dna

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26
Q

Chromatid

A

One of the two identical parts of a duplicated chromosome.

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27
Q

Centromere

A

Where the two sister chromatids meet and are held together.

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28
Q

Genetic linkage

A

Tendency for alleles on one chromosome to be inherited to the other due to meiosis.

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29
Q

Homozygous

A

Both alleles are the same letter and case

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30
Q

Pedigrees

A

A family tree that can be used to determine sex-linked traits of offspring

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31
Q

Locus

A

The location of a gene on a chromosome

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32
Q

Differences between DNA and ran

A

DNA is a long polymer with a phosphate and deoxyribose backbone. It has four different nitrogenous bases, adenine thymine cytosine and guanine. RNA has a ribose and phosphate backbone. It’s four bases are adenine guanine cytosine uracil. RNA1 chain DNA 2 chains

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33
Q

Ribose

A

Backbone of RNA

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34
Q

Deoxyribose

A

Backbone of DNA

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35
Q

Purines

A

2 carbon rings (a,g)

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36
Q

Pyrimadines

A

1 carbon ring (t,c)

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37
Q

Nucleotides

A

Building block of DNA. Includes 1 phosphate, 1 deoxyribose, and 1 nitrogenous base.

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38
Q

Mutation

A

Heritable changes in genetic information. Good bad lethal or neutral. Frame shift: add or delete a nucleotide. Point: one nucleotide is switched.

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39
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Weak. Between a and t are two hydrogen bonds. Between g and c are three hydrogen bonds

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40
Q

Covalent bonds

A

Strong. Holds backbone together

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41
Q

DNA replication

A

During the s of interphase, the DNA doubles using enzymes

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42
Q

Helicase

A

Unzips hydrogen bonds. Breaks into two strands

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43
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Deals out the correct nucleotides to the old strands of DNA, creating two new identical strands

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44
Q

Replication fork

A

When the DNA separates it takes in the appearance of a fork

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45
Q

Repair enzymes

A

Proofread and fix mutations

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46
Q

Promoter

A

Marks the beginning of a gene.

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47
Q

Termination signal

A

Where transcription stops. Marks the end of a gene.

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48
Q

Transcription

A

The process of copying instructions from DNA to mRNA

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49
Q

Translation

A

The process of decoding the mRNA into a protein

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50
Q

Codon

A

Any three mRNA nucleotide sequences that code for an amino acid

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51
Q

Anticodon

A

A three nucleotide sequence on tRNA. The exact opposite of mRNA codon

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52
Q

Start codon

A

AUG. Codes for the AA met. All polypeptides start with met

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53
Q

Stop codon

A

UAA, UAG, UGA. No AA match these sequences

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54
Q

MRNA

A

Messenger RNA. copies and transports instructions from the DNA to the ribosome. AKA: transcript

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55
Q

tRNA

A

Transfer RNA. Decodes the instructions and builds the protein. Transfers amino acids

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56
Q

rRNA

A

Ribosomal RNA. Location of protein synthesis. 2 put together = 1 ribosome. Is the most abundant organelle

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57
Q

Steps of protein synthesis. Steps of transcription

A

RNA polymerase binds to the promoter and relaxes DNA. RNA polymerase moves to the first nucleotide of the template chain. A complimentary mRNA chain is built using A,G,C,U. RNA polymerase teaches the termination signal and pops off to be recycled. MRNA transcript gets processed. DNA returns to normal.

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58
Q

Steps of translation

A

The process of decoding the mRNA into a protein. Ribosome attaches to the mRNA strand. tRNA with its anticodon and appropriate AA, attaches to the codon of the mRNA chain within the ribosome. Only two tRNA’s can fit into the ribosome at a time. Two AA’s bind together with peptide bonds. tRNA pops off to be recycled. This continues until the whole mRNA sequence is read.

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59
Q

Amino acid

A

Th building blocks of a protein

60
Q

Polypeptide chain

A

Two or more amino acids in a chain

61
Q

Protein

A

Composed of one or more long chains of amino acids

62
Q

Jim Watson

A

American biologist. Co discoverer of the double helix

63
Q

Francis crick

A

British biologist. Co discoverer of the double helix

64
Q

Maurice Wilkins

A

English physicist whose research contributed to the scientific understanding of DNA

65
Q

Rosalind Franklin

A

English chemist who made contributions to the understanding to the molecular structure of DNA and RNA

66
Q

Gel electrophoresis

A

A laboratory method used to separate mixtures of DNA and RNA, or proteins according to size. Molecules are separated or pushed by an electrical field through a gel that contains small pores(auger). Pipette and tip

67
Q

DNA fingerprinting

A

The sample that’s lines match up with the suspects, is the match.

68
Q

Classification system

A

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

69
Q

Taxonomy

A

Grouping organisms according to characteristics and evolutionary history

70
Q

Phylogeny

A

Evolutionary history of an organism

71
Q

Binomial nomenclature

A

Includes genus and species. ( Genus species, italicized)

72
Q

Linnaeus

A

Developed the 4 level classification system of binomial nomenclature.

73
Q

5 kingdoms and characteristics

A

Monera:single celled, have a cell wall, have no chloroplasts or any other organelle, no nucleus.
Protista: single celled. Usually no cell wall. They have a nucleus and may have chloroplasts.
Fungi: multicellular with a cell wall. Have a nucleus, no chloroplasts.
Plantae: multicellular, nucleus, chloroplasts, photosynthesis.
Animalia: multicellular, digestion, nucleus, no chloroplasts

74
Q

3 domains

A

Bacteria:unicellular prokaryotes. No cell membrane. Asexual reproduction
Eukarya: unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes. Cell membrane.
Archaebacteria: unicellular prokaryotes. No cell membrane. Asexual reproduction.

75
Q

Darwin

A

Developed the theory of evolution

76
Q

Natural selection

A

The environment chooses the organisms with variations that are most likely to survive.

77
Q

Fitness

A

Are well adapted to their environment so they survive and reproduce.

78
Q

Fossil

A

Traces of dead organic matter

79
Q

Extinction

A

When an entire species dies off

80
Q

Biogeography

A

Study of geographical distribution of fossils and of living organisms.

81
Q

Pangea

A

An original huge continent before continental drift occurred.

82
Q

Homologous structure

A

Similar structures in species that originated from a common ancestor

83
Q

Vestigial structure

A

Structures that seem to have no function now, but may have helped past generations

84
Q

Embryonic homology

A

Embryos of related organisms are very similar

85
Q

Conserved genes

A

Genes that have remained unchanged throughout evolution

86
Q

DNA similarities

A

Similarities in DNA between related organisms

87
Q

First organisms to appear on earth

A

Single celled organisms called archaea

88
Q

Population

A

Group of organisms of the same species living in the same area

89
Q

Variation

A

There is natural variation in inherited traits due to random mutations

90
Q

Artificial selection

A

Humans speed up evolution by selective breeding.

91
Q

Gene pool

A

All of the alleles in all of the individuals that make up a population

92
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

Population went so low that gene pool was small

93
Q

Biodiversity

A

The huge variety of animals on this planet

94
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

If cut in half , both sides would be the same. Anything with a head

95
Q

Radial symmetry

A

All parts radiate out from s central point and are the same.

96
Q

No symmetry

A

No patterns can be found that repeat

97
Q

Open circulatory system

A

Where the blood and interstitial fluid are allowed to mix within an organism

98
Q

Closed circulatory system

A

Good always flows inside vessels. What humans have

99
Q

Vertebrate

A

Has a backbone

100
Q

Invertebrate

A

Doesn’t have a vertebrate

101
Q

Cephalization

A

Having a head with sense organs and nerves

102
Q

Exoskeleton

A

Skeleton on the outside

103
Q

Endoskeleton

A

Skeleton on the inside

104
Q

Fluid-filled body cavity

A

Earthworms and roundworms have it

105
Q

Freshwater habitat

A

Puddles ponds streams rivers lakes inland marshes

106
Q

Marine habitat

A

Live in saltwater

107
Q

Brackish habitat

A

Area where fresh and saltwater meet. Like an estuary where a river meets the ocean.

108
Q

Terrestrial habitat

A

Animals live on land

109
Q

Anterior

A

Head

110
Q

Posterior

A

Tail

111
Q

Dorsal

A

Back

112
Q

Ventral

A

Stomach

113
Q

Autotrophs

A

Make their own energy

114
Q

Heterotrophic

A

Need to consume plants or other animals for energy

115
Q

Mechanisms for breathing

A

Gills, skin, lungs, trachae

116
Q

Incomplete metamorphosis

A

Egg, nymph, adult

117
Q

Complete metamorphosis

A

Egg, larvae, pupa, adult

118
Q

Chrysalis

A

Pupa of a butterfly

119
Q

Cocoon

A

Pupa of a moth

120
Q

Coelom

A

True body cavity, completely lined with mesoderm

121
Q

Ectoderm

A

Sense organs, nerves, skin

122
Q

Mesoderm

A

Muscles, circulatory, reproductive, and excretory organs

123
Q

Endoderm

A

Linings of the digestive tract and much of the respitory system

124
Q

Blastopore

A

A hollow call of cells in early embryonic development. As it developed it folds and becomes a tube that creates the digestive tract. The tube only has one opening called the blastopore.

125
Q

Protosome

A

Blastopore becomes the mouth

126
Q

Deuterostomes

A

Blastopore becomes the anus

127
Q

Segmentation

A

Most parts are repeated in each segments

128
Q

Cerebral ganglia

A

Nerve bundles in the head

129
Q

How worms move

A

Posterior setae grip the ground. Circular muscles contract. Anterior end advances. Anterior setae grip the ground. Longitudinal muscles contract. Pulling the posterior end forward.

130
Q

Worm digestion

A

Pharynx obtains food. Esophagus. Crop stores. Gizzard grinds dirt. Intestines absorb nutrients. Anus excretes waste.

131
Q

Respiration and excretion of worm

A

Breathes thru skin. Nephridia. Eliminates liquid waste and balances h20

132
Q

Clitellum

A

Thick area on worm secretes mucus to stick worms together for reproduction

133
Q

Jointed appendages

A

What all Arthropoda have.

134
Q

What type of circulatory system do Arthropoda have

A

Open

135
Q

Antennae

A

Can be used for tasting smelling or tactile functions

136
Q

What three sections of the body do class insects have

A

Head thorax abdomen

137
Q

What two sections of the body to arachnids and crustaceans have

A

Cephalothorax abdomen

138
Q

Compound eye

A

Have many lenses

139
Q

Cheliped

A

Pinches on phylum Crustacea

140
Q

Characteristics of all chordates

A

Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve chord, pharynial slits, postanul tail

141
Q

Vertebrate characteristics

A

Vertebral column (spine). Cranium(brain). Endoskeleton. Cartilage and hard bone. Tetrapods. Hinged lower jaw.

142
Q

Characteristics of fish

A

Operculum( moves water over gills for gas exchange). Swim bladder( can be filled with gasses to make the fish buoyant). Lateral line (sensory organ used to detect when water is moving differently. Scales (make the fish hydrodynamic and sleek).

143
Q

Characteristics of amphibians

A

Pulmonary circulation (takes blood to the lungs). Tadpoles (the middle stage that swims in water in metamorphosis). Webbed feet ( to swim better). Heart (have a three chambered heart). Metamorphosis.

144
Q

Characteristics of reptiles

A

Amniotic egg (hard outer shell with amniotic fluid on inside so baby doesn’t dry out). Completely terrestrial( lungs for respiration). Chelonia(turtles). Crocadilia ( crocs and alligators). Squamata ( snakes and lizards). Three chambered heart

145
Q

Characteristics of birds

A

Feathers made of keratin. Down feathers: prevent heat loss. Contour feathers: shape, color, and insulation. Flight feathers: flight. Light skeleton. Can fly. When birds inhale only 25% goes to lungs, other goes to air sacs. Beals adapted to food they eat.

146
Q

Characteristics of animals

A

Endothermic. Mammary glands to feed young. Give birth to live young. Have hair and fur.

147
Q

Tools for dissection

A

Forceps(tweezers), scalpel(knife), probe(poker thingy), scissors

Semester 1 Exam (3 decks)

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