Semester 2

Question 1

Central route of persuasion

Answer 1

Involves thoughtful consideration of arguments which contain the message. It requires more involvement from the part of reader or viewer.

e.g. A woman who is very much interested in taking vitamins to improve her health closely watches and reads advertisements for vitamins

Question 2

Peripheral route of persuasion

Answer 2

Is weak and the involvement of the receiver is low. The message sent through the peripheral route is not analysed cognitively.

e.g. A man sees an advertisement for vitamins, and recognises the sports celebrity who is promoting them. He respects the celebrity and does not think they would promote a product that would be detrimental to a person’s health.

Question 3

Information framing

Answer 3

Is a psychological concept, whereby the way a message or choice is presented can impact on decisions we make. Messages can be framed to focus on benefits/gains of a particular choice (a positive frame) or on costs/losses of that same choice (negative frame).

Question 4

Types of message framing

Answer 4

Gain-framed messages
Loss-framed messages
Fear-based messages
Humour-based messages

Question 5

Environmental influences on health behaviour

Answer 5

Providing cues to action or removing cues to unhealthy behaviour

Enabling healthy behaviour by minimising the costs and barriers associated with it

Increase the costs of engaging in unhealthy behaviour

Question 6

Community interventions

Answer 6

Are generally designed to target specific groups of a community. Community-based interventions may try to reduce unhealthy behaviours such as smoking or alcohol consumption or engage healthy behaviours such as increasing physical activity

Question 7

Bodily signs of illness and disease

Answer 7

Changes in bodily functions (difficulty breathing or heart beating faster)

Emissions (increase or change of colour of urine or faeces)

Sensations (numbness, blurred vision)

Unpleasant sensations (pain, nausea)

Changes in appearance (pale, weight loss, hair loss)

Question 8

Illness

Answer 8

What the patient feels when he/she goes to the doctor. The feeling of experiencing something different to one’s normal state of health - something is not quite right.

Question 9

Disease

Answer 9

It is what the doctor diagnoses - an underlying pathology that affects a person’s organs, cells or tissue.

Question 10

Types of symptom perception

Answer 10

Painful disruptive
Novel
Persistent
Pre-existing chronic disease

Question 11

Painful or disruptive

Answer 11

When you experience pain or can’t do what you normally would due to changes in bodily functions

Question 12

Novel

Answer 12

When you’ve never experienced that bodily sign before or perceive that it’s not commonly experienced by other people

Question 13

Persistent

Answer 13

When the bodily sign is present for a longer period than would be expected to be normal, or when it remains even after self-medication

Question 14

Pre-existing chronic disease

Answer 14

When you have an existing disease

Question 15

Types of delayed help-seeking

Answer 15

Appraisal delay - time taken to interpret bodily signs as possible symptoms of illness or disease

Illness delay - time between recognising one is ill and deciding to seek medical help

Utilisation delay - time between deciding to seek medical help and actually receiving that help

Question 16

Medical consultation

Answer 16

A meeting between a patient and a health professional where health advice or treatment is sought for a symptom or condition

Question 17

Health screenings

Answer 17

Are tests that look for diseases before you have symptoms

Question 18

Screening for risk factors

Answer 18

Genetic risk factors

Behavioural risk factors

Question 19

Benefits of micro skills

Answer 19

They can help to create the necessary conditions supporting positive change

They demonstrate to the client that you have empathic understanding, genuineness and acceptance

They help facilitate the development of a safe therapeutic environment

They will aid in establishing rapport with clients

Question 20

SOLER

Answer 20

S: Face the client Squarely
O: Adopt Open posture
L: Lean forward at times
E: Maintain good Eye contact
R: Relaxed stance

Question 21

Problem-solving approach steps

Answer 21

1. Problem exploration and clarification
2. Goal setting
3. Facilitating action

Question 22

Barriers to change

Answer 22

Resistance

Ambivalence

Question 23

Resistance

Answer 23

What happens when a clinician expects or pushes for change when the client is not ready for that change

Question 24

Signs of resistance

Answer 24

Arrive late or cancel appointments
Appear unwilling to recognise problems
Challenge the clinician’s expertise or processes
Reluctance to provide information

Question 25

Ambivalence

Answer 25

How we can think and feel about a particular health behaviour in both positive and negative ways

Question 26

Motivational interviewing

Answer 26

Involves working with a person one-on-one, and is more like a communication style rather than therapeutic or clinical intervention

Question 27

Acute pain

Answer 27

Pains from cuts, burns, surgery and dental work (3-6 months)

Question 28

Chronic pain

Answer 28

Pain may be due to a chronic condition such as rheumatoid arthritis or an injury that persists beyond the time of healing (longer than 3-6 months)

Question 29

Pre-chronic pain

Answer 29

Comes between acute and the chronic stage. It’s a critical period because people can either overcome the pain at this time or develop feelings of helplessness or fear that can lead to chronic pain.

Question 30

Phantom limb pain

Answer 30

A phenomenon that occurs following accidental or surgical amputation of a limb, whereby the individual continues to experience pain in the missing limb

Question 31

The measurements of pain

Answer 31

Self-reports - rating scales, pain questionnaires and standardised psychological tests

Behavioural assessments - observations of patients’ behaviour

Physiological measures - Electromyography

Question 32

Managing pain

Answer 32

Medical approaches - drugs, surgery etc.

Behavioural techniques -

relaxation training
behaviour modification
cognitive therapy
acceptance and commitment therapy
mindfulness

Question 33

Primary and secondary appraisal of stress

Answer 33

Primary - the individual interprets the event as either

. something harmful
. something that poses a threat (in the future)
. something that presents a challenge (opportunity rather than threat)

Secondary - the individual interprets the situation as something they can or cannot manage, given the resources available

Question 34

Problem-focused coping

Answer 34

Practical coping efforts are directed at the objective stressor, or to increase the individual’s resources to help reduce the stressor’s impact

Question 35

Emotion-focused coping

Answer 35

This is where energy is directed at controlling your emotional response to a stressor - not changing it, but managing the way you feel about it