Semester 2 Flashcards
Central route of persuasion
Involves thoughtful consideration of arguments which contain the message. It requires more involvement from the part of reader or viewer.
e.g. A woman who is very much interested in taking vitamins to improve her health closely watches and reads advertisements for vitamins
Peripheral route of persuasion
Is weak and the involvement of the receiver is low. The message sent through the peripheral route is not analysed cognitively.
e.g. A man sees an advertisement for vitamins, and recognises the sports celebrity who is promoting them. He respects the celebrity and does not think they would promote a product that would be detrimental to a person’s health.
Information framing
Is a psychological concept, whereby the way a message or choice is presented can impact on decisions we make. Messages can be framed to focus on benefits/gains of a particular choice (a positive frame) or on costs/losses of that same choice (negative frame).
Types of message framing
Gain-framed messages
Loss-framed messages
Fear-based messages
Humour-based messages
Environmental influences on health behaviour
Providing cues to action or removing cues to unhealthy behaviour
Enabling healthy behaviour by minimising the costs and barriers associated with it
Increase the costs of engaging in unhealthy behaviour
Community interventions
Are generally designed to target specific groups of a community. Community-based interventions may try to reduce unhealthy behaviours such as smoking or alcohol consumption or engage healthy behaviours such as increasing physical activity
Bodily signs of illness and disease
Changes in bodily functions (difficulty breathing or heart beating faster)
Emissions (increase or change of colour of urine or faeces)
Sensations (numbness, blurred vision)
Unpleasant sensations (pain, nausea)
Changes in appearance (pale, weight loss, hair loss)
Illness
What the patient feels when he/she goes to the doctor. The feeling of experiencing something different to one’s normal state of health - something is not quite right.
Disease
It is what the doctor diagnoses - an underlying pathology that affects a person’s organs, cells or tissue.
Types of symptom perception
Painful disruptive
Novel
Persistent
Pre-existing chronic disease
Painful or disruptive
When you experience pain or can’t do what you normally would due to changes in bodily functions
Novel
When you’ve never experienced that bodily sign before or perceive that it’s not commonly experienced by other people
Persistent
When the bodily sign is present for a longer period than would be expected to be normal, or when it remains even after self-medication
Pre-existing chronic disease
When you have an existing disease
Types of delayed help-seeking
Appraisal delay - time taken to interpret bodily signs as possible symptoms of illness or disease
Illness delay - time between recognising one is ill and deciding to seek medical help
Utilisation delay - time between deciding to seek medical help and actually receiving that help
Medical consultation
A meeting between a patient and a health professional where health advice or treatment is sought for a symptom or condition
Health screenings
Are tests that look for diseases before you have symptoms
Screening for risk factors
Genetic risk factors
Behavioural risk factors
Benefits of micro skills
They can help to create the necessary conditions supporting positive change
They demonstrate to the client that you have empathic understanding, genuineness and acceptance
They help facilitate the development of a safe therapeutic environment
They will aid in establishing rapport with clients
SOLER
S: Face the client Squarely O: Adopt Open posture L: Lean forward at times E: Maintain good Eye contact R: Relaxed stance
Problem-solving approach steps
- Problem exploration and clarification
- Goal setting
- Facilitating action
Barriers to change
Resistance
Ambivalence
Resistance
What happens when a clinician expects or pushes for change when the client is not ready for that change
Signs of resistance
Arrive late or cancel appointments
Appear unwilling to recognise problems
Challenge the clinician’s expertise or processes
Reluctance to provide information
Ambivalence
How we can think and feel about a particular health behaviour in both positive and negative ways
Motivational interviewing
Involves working with a person one-on-one, and is more like a communication style rather than therapeutic or clinical intervention
Acute pain
Pains from cuts, burns, surgery and dental work (3-6 months)
Chronic pain
Pain may be due to a chronic condition such as rheumatoid arthritis or an injury that persists beyond the time of healing (longer than 3-6 months)
Pre-chronic pain
Comes between acute and the chronic stage. It’s a critical period because people can either overcome the pain at this time or develop feelings of helplessness or fear that can lead to chronic pain.
Phantom limb pain
A phenomenon that occurs following accidental or surgical amputation of a limb, whereby the individual continues to experience pain in the missing limb
The measurements of pain
Self-reports - rating scales, pain questionnaires and standardised psychological tests
Behavioural assessments - observations of patients’ behaviour
Physiological measures - Electromyography
Managing pain
Medical approaches - drugs, surgery etc.
Behavioural techniques -
relaxation training behaviour modification cognitive therapy acceptance and commitment therapy mindfulness
Primary and secondary appraisal of stress
Primary - the individual interprets the event as either
. something harmful
. something that poses a threat (in the future)
. something that presents a challenge (opportunity rather than threat)
Secondary - the individual interprets the situation as something they can or cannot manage, given the resources available
Problem-focused coping
Practical coping efforts are directed at the objective stressor, or to increase the individual’s resources to help reduce the stressor’s impact
Emotion-focused coping
This is where energy is directed at controlling your emotional response to a stressor - not changing it, but managing the way you feel about it
