Semester 2 Flashcards
1
Q
How many degrees of CR angulation required for an AP axial sacrum?
A
15˚ cephalic
2
Q
How many degrees of CR angulation for an AP axial coccyx
A
10˚ caudal
3
Q
Before imaging the sacrum and/or coccyx, it is advisable to offer the patient an opportunity to use the restroom. Why?
A
Gas a fecal matter may obscure the area of interest
4
Q
Which position/projection of the cervical spine will demonstrate the zygapophyseal joint space between C1-2
A
AP open mouth
5
Q
Which of the following positions will best demonstrate the intervertebral foramen of the lumbar spine?
A) 45˚ obliques
B) 30˚ obliques
C) AP axial
D) lateral
A
Lateral
6
Q
The cervical vertebrae have distinguished characteristics, they include:
A
Bifid spinous processes
7
Q
How close can we come to 125mAs
A) 30 mA @ 3 sec
B) 35 mA @ 3 seconds
C) 40 mA @ 3 sec
D)45 mA @ 3 seconds
A
40 mA @ 3 seconds
8
Q
Which of the following is the most correct criteria for the AP axial C-spine projection?
A) C3 to T2-3 vertebral bodies should be visible
B) spinous processes are seen to be equal distances from the vertebra body lateral borders
C) center of the collimation field is at C4/5
D) all of the above
A
All of the above
9
Q
We are looking at an oblique projection of the cervical spine and the left intervertebral foramina are demonstrated. The image was taken AP. How have we positioned the patient?
A
RPO
10
Q
The spinal cord begins in the medulla oblongata, traverses through the foramen magnum, then down through the vertebral foramen of C-1 all the way to the sacrum?
True or false
A
False
11
Q
Which term best defines or describes the vertebral body of C1?
A) the smallest of all vertebral bodies
B) a column of bone
C) a bony mass
D) there is no vertebral body at C1
A
There is no vertebral body at C1
12
Q
Which aspect of the intervertebral disk is composed of semi gelatinous material
A
Annulus fibrosis
13
Q
A 45˚ obliquity of the patient will adequately demonstrate the zygapophyseal joints of the L-spine. Assume that you have positioned the patient supine and LPO. Which zygapophyseal joints will be imaged?
A
Left
14
Q
How much obliquity of the body is required for posterior oblique positions for the sacroiliac joints?
A
20˚ to 30˚
15
Q
The LPO position for sacroiliac joints will best demonstrate the right joint?
True or false
A
True
16
Q
Situation: a radiograph of an AP open-mouth projection reveals that the base of the skull is superimposed over the dens. What positioning error led to this radiographic outcome?
A
Too much extension of the skull
17
Q
An anterior wedging of vertebrae with a loss of body height but rarely causing neurologic symptoms is called
A
A compression fracture
18
Q
Which of the following topographic landmarks corresponds with the L4-5 vertebral level?
A) xiphoid process
B) ASIS
C) lower costal margin
D) iliac crest
A
Iliac crest
19
Q
Why should the hips and knees be flexed for an AP projection of the lumbar spine?
A
To reduce lumbar curvature
20
Q
The quantity of radiation at any pint is______proportional to the square of the_________.
A
Inversely
Distance
21
Q
Which positioning/SID is preferred for full-length erect spine scoliosis series?
A
PA 72”
22
Q
Breathing instructions for L-spine radiography are:
A
Suspended after deep expiration
23
Q
The zygapophyseal joints for the thoracic spine lie at an angle of_____in relation to the midsaggital plane.
A
70˚
24
Q
S-1 is found at the level of the:
A
ASIS
25
Normal or abnormal convex thoracic curvature
Kyphosis
26
Any fracture of the dens which may or may not involve the lateral masses
Odontoid fracture
27
Which of the following projections will project the dens within the shadow of the foramen magnum?
A) Fuchs method
B) AP open mouth
C) twining method
D) gandy method
Fuchs method
28
A radiograph of a lateral projection of the cervical spine reveals that the ramus of the mandible is superimposed over the spine. What could the technologist have done to prevent this?
Increase the extension of the skull
29
Breathing instructions and exposure for lateral C-spine
Exposure after suspended expiration
30
A forward slipping of one vertebral body over another is a condition known as:
Spondylolisthesis
31
The function of the gallbladder is to:
Store bile
32
The sternal angle is a palpable landmark at the level of
T4-5
33
Which of the following techniques is most effective in preventing lung markings from obscuring the sternum?
A) oblique as much as needed to not superimpose the sternum over the hilum region
B) high kVp
C) decrease SID to magnify sternum
D) use a breathing technique
Use a breathing technique
34
A majority of institutions in both the United States and Canada include a PA chest projection as part of a rib series
True or false
True
35
Which joint id the bony connection between the shoulder girdle and the axial skeleton?
Sternoclavicular joint
36
The right and left hepatic ducts join to become the
Common hepatic duct
37
The most lateral border of the ribs is called the
Angle of the ribs
38
The medical term for the condition of gallstones is
Choleliths
39
Critical thinking
Which two projections should be taken for an injury to the right anterior upper ribs?
PA and LAO
40
What is the name of the part of the rib that articulates with the thoracic vertebral body?
Head
41
To image the individual sternoclavicular joints, how much obliquity of the body is required?
20-25˚
42
The costocartilage of which pair of ribs attaches to the sternum at the level of the sternal angle?
Second
43
Which of the following ribs is considered to be a false rib?
A) 7th
B) 1st
C) 9th
D) none of the above
9th
44
Which of the following positions will best demonstrate the axillary portion of the left ribs?
A) PA
B) LPO
C) AP
D) LAO
LPO
45
Critical thinking
During an operative cholangiogram, the images obtained will demonstrate the same radiographic findings as would be seen during an ERCP
True or false
True
46
To which vertebral level do we direct the CR to image bilateral sternoclavicular joints?
T3
47
Which of the following CANNOT be accomplished during an ERCP
A) tissue sampling from the bile duct
B) determine patency
C) stunting of the common bile duct
D) removal of pancreatic stones
Removal of pancreatic stones
48
Breathing instructions for imaging sternoclavicular joints should include
Suspend respiration upon end expiration
49
What is the recommended SID for the lateral sternum position
72"
50
Critical thinking:
Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiogram is a routing x-ray procedure easily performed in an R/F room
True or false
False
51
Which of the following structures connects the anterior aspect of the ribs to the sternum
A) costovertebral joints
B) costocartilage
C) sternal tendons
D) costotransverse joints
Costocartilage
52
Which radiographic position best demonstrates the anterior fifth rib on the right side without vertebral superimposition
LAO
53
The spaces between the ribs are called the intercostal
Spaces
54
SID for PA oblique sternum is recommended to be
30"
55
How should the CR be directed for the oblique position to best demonstrate the sternum
Perpendicularly
56
A lateral projection of the sternum requires that respiration be suspended upon expiration
True or false
False
57
Which two projections should be taken for an injury to the left posterior lower ribs
AP and LPO
58
The xiphoid process corresponds to the level of
T9-10
59
The widest aspect of the thorax occurs at the level of:
T7
60
Which of the following statements is true about radiography of the floating ribs?
A) always image these ribs PA
B) always image these ribs AP
C) perform the study with the patient recumbent
D)suspend respiration upon end inspiration
Always image these ribs AP
61
There are four accessory glands of digestion. Which one does not fit?
A) spleen
B) liver
C) gallbladder
D) salivary glands
Spleen
62
The sigmoid colon is on the left side of the body
True or false
True
63
Which lateral decubitus projection will show us the lateral wall of the ascending colon, and the medial wall of the descending colon?
Left lateral decubitus
64
To what level is an enteroclysis catheter advanced before it can be used
To the ligament of treitz
65
The small bowel appears to have a "twist" causing an obstruction at that point. This is known as a(n)
Volvulus
66
An upper GI exam is used to demonstrate the:
Esophagus
Stomach
Duodenum
67
Barium sulfate does not dissolve in water, therefore the barium contrast media that we use in medical procedures is classified as a:
Suspension
68
Backward flow of stomach contents into your esophagus is a medical condition called:
Gastroesophageal reflux
69
If your patient is nauseated and asks to lie down for the interval prior to the next SBTF image, the best position would be:
Right lateral
70
Defocography is an x-ray procedure using
Fluoroscopy
71
Barium sulfate as a contrast media should be avoided when a patient
Has a lacerated bowel
72
Typical transit time of barium sulfate from ingestion to the cecum is______hours
2-3
73
The esophagus extends from vertebral level c_6 down to_______
T-11
74
What percentage of the small intestine is the ilium?
60%
75
What is the centering for a 90 minute SBFT?
Standard KUB centered at the iliac crest
76
The pyloric portion of the stomach is ___________to the body of the stomach
Distal or proximal
Distal
77
The 30 minute SBFT image is centered at:
A level just above the iliac crest
78
One of the advantages of conventional colonoscopy over virtual colonoscopy is:
The ability to remove polyps
79
The ascending colon is on the left side of the body.
True or false
False
80
The first portion of the small bowel is termed the:
Duodenum
81
An AP axial BE image is obtained with central ray angled________cephalic
30-40
82
Dysphagia is an appropriate indication for an esophagram
True or false
True
83
A condition where a portion of the stomach is just above the diaphragm
Hiatal hernia
84
There are 4 sections of the duodenum. The portion where the hepatopancreatic duct enters is the:
Descending
85
The entrance and exit of the stomach are controlled by sphincters. The muscle controlling the exit of the stomach is the________.
Pyloric sphincter
86
The enema bag should be no more than_________above the anus
24"
87
At merrill's memorial, all barium overhead projections are obtained at_________kVp
120
88
Which of the following landmarks or body planes is NOT a consideration for the lateral stomach projection?
A) L1, L2
B) right side
C) mid-coronal plane
D) iliac crest
Iliac crest
89
How much obliquity of the body fo and RAO esophagus?
35˚-40˚
90
How much obliquity of a sthenic patient for an RAO stomach?
40˚-50˚
91
The vertebral level used to center for images of the esophagus is:
T5, T6
92
Barrett's esophagus________considered a precancerous condition
Is
93
Asking the patient to increase their abdominal pressure by tightening abdominal muscles is called
Valsalva
94
The preferred method for inserting the enema tip is to direct it_________and then________
Anterior
| Cephalic
95
THE IMAGE THAT SHOWS THE MUCOSA OF THE LARGE INTESTINE BEST ON A SINGLE CONTRAST BE IS THE
Post evacuation
96
Food that has been mechanically and chemically altered in the stomach is transported to the duodenum as a material called
Chyme
97
What is the best positioning landmark to use for a lateral BE image?
ASIS
98
The negative contrast of choice for a double contrast UGI
Carbon dioxide
99
The prone cross-table lateral projection on the air contrast BE is more correctly described as
Ventral decubitus
100
As a general rule to include the entire esophagus, we position the central ray so that the top of the image receptor is level with
The mouth
101
The splenic flexure is on the left side of the body
True or false
True
102
What portions of the vertebrae unite to form the spinous process
Laminae
103
What structures separate the vertebral bodies in the articulated spine?
Intervertebral disks
104
Which portions of the vertebrae articulate to form the zygapophyseal joints?
Inferior articular facets of superior vertebrae and superior articular facets of inferior vertebrae
105
Which pathological condition is defined as a variant of rheumatoid arthritis the involves the sacroiliac (SI) joints and the vertebral column?
Ankylosing spondylitis
106
Failure of the posterior encasement of the spinal cord to close is termed?
Spina bifida
107
All of the following structures are features of the cervical portion of the vertebral column except:
A) mamillary processes
B) transverse foramina
C) vertebra prominens
D) bifid spinous processes
Mamillary processes
108
Which vertebra is characterized by a prominent process extending from the anterior superior surface of its body?
C2
109
Which portion of the vertebral column features the pars interarticularis?
Lumbar
110
The portion of the vertebral column located between L5 and the coccyx is the:
Sacrum
111
What is the purpose of positioning the vertebral column in the same plane during radiographic procedures?
It opens the joint spaces and reduces distortion
112
What is the central ray orientation for the AP axial projection of the cervical spine?
15 to 20 degrees cephalad
113
How is the patient positioned to demonstrate the left zygapophyseal joints of the cervical vertebrae?
Left lateral
114
During an examination of the lumbar vertebrae with the patient in a 45-degree LPO position, the anatomy best demonstrated in the image is the:
Left zygapophyseal joints
115
Which projection is contraindicated in patients with suspected trauma or pathologic conditions of the vertebrae?
AP projection of the dens (fuchs method)
116
For the left sacroiliac (SI) joint to be demonstrated, the patient must be positioned:
In a 25-30 degree RPO
117
The AP axial projection of the sacrum requires the central ray to be directed:
15 degrees cephalad
118
All of the following findings are demonstrated on the lateral projection of the lumbar vertebrae except:
A) open intervertebral foramina
B) vertebral bodies in profile
C) open right zygapophyseal joints
D) open intervertebral disk spaces
Open right zygapophyseal joints
119
How is the central ray directed for the lateral projection of the thoracic vertebrae when the vertebral column is supported in a horizontal plane that is parallel to the image receptor?
Perpendicular
120
What is the central ray direction for the PA axial oblique projection of the cervical vertebrae?
15-20 degrees caudad
121
Motion at the site of a spinal fusion may be evaluated with the use of:
AP projection of the lumbar, left and right lateral bending
| Lateral projection on the lumbar, hyperflexion and hyperextension
122
Which of the following projections is used to image the posterior portions of the cervical and thoracic vertebrae?
AP axial (pillars)
123
For the PA oblique projection of the right sacroiliac (SI) joint, the patient is positioned in a:
25-30 degree RAO
124
Compared with the AP projection, the PA projection of the lumbar vertebrae:
Reduces gonadal dose
| Aligns the intervertebral disk spaces with the beam divergence
125
How is the central ray directed for the AP axial oblique projection of the vertebral arch (pillars)?
35 degrees caudad
126
The AP projection of the lumbar spine for spinal fusion is obtained with the patient positioned:
Bending to the sides
127
Which projection may be used to demonstrate early scoliosis changes in the vertebral column?
AP projection of the lumbar spine, lateral bending positions
128
What portion of the rib articulates with the transverse process of the thoracic vertebra?
Tubercle
129
The bony thorax comprises
12 pairs of ribs
| 12 thoracic vertebrae
130
Which pathological condition is marked by thick, soft bone subject to bowing and fractures?
Paget's disease
131
The curved portion of a rib is termed the:
Angle
132
The rib pairs classified as false ribs are:
8 through 12
133
The articulation between the inferior portion of the sternum and body of the sternum is the:
Xiphisternal joint
134
During imaging of the ribs, the area of interest must first be localized to enable the radiographer to:
Choose the appropriate patient position
| Give the proper breathing instructions to the patient
135
What is the patient position for the PA oblique projection of the sternum?
15 to 20 degrees RAO
136
How is the patient positioned to demonstrate the left posterior axillary ribs?
45 degree LPO
137
When the patient is positioned in a 10 to 15 degree LAO position, what anatomy is best demonstrated?
Left SC joint
138
Which breathing instructions should be given to a patient to demonstrate the right posterior ribs above the diaphragm?
Inhale and hold your breath
139
For the right SC joint to be demonstrated, the patient must be positioned in a:
10 to 15 degree RAO
140
The PA oblique projection of the SC joints, central ray angulation method, requires the central ray to be angled:
15 degrees toward MSP
141
The PA projection of the ribs demonstrates the:
Anterior ribs
142
How are the upper limbs positioned when the patient is in the upright position for the lateral projection of the sternum?
Behind the back, with the shoulders rolled posteriorly
143
Where does the central ray enter the patient for the PA oblique projection of the left SC joint?
To the right of the MSP at the level of T2-T3
