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Semester 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the stop codon in mRNA for Translation?

A

UGA

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2
Q

What does dATP stand for?

A

2’- deoxyadenosine-5’ - triphosphate

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3
Q

How many copies of the rRNA genes are there in the human genome?

A

200

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4
Q

Proteome refers to the entire … population of a cell.

A

Protein

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5
Q

The reason UV light damages DNA is…

A

The wavelength of UV light overlaps with the absorption spectrum of DNA.

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6
Q

What is INCORRECT in regards to PCR?

A

PCR is required to cut out specific genes for cloning

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7
Q

The 5’ end of an mRNA contains a… and the 3’ end contains a…

Both of these modifications … the … of a eukaryotic mRNA.

A

7-Methyl G cap
Poly-A tail
Increase
Stablity

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8
Q

What is INCORRECT with regards to the Alpha Helix in a protein?

A

Amino acid side chains project inward abd upward from the helix

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9
Q

The rod like structures resulting from the hydrogen bonding every 4th peptide bond is known as…

A

Alpha Helix

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10
Q

The 2 strands of DNA double helix are held together by…

A

Hydrogen bonds

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11
Q

What is the MOST abundant RNA species in a cell?

A

rRNA

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12
Q

Anti-parallell nature of DNA refers to…

A

Both DNA strands run in opposite direction

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13
Q

Recombinant DNA is formed by the…

A

Ligation of DOUBLE stranded insert with DOUBLE stranded vector

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14
Q

During Translation, the combined function of IF1 and IF3 is to…

A

Prevent premature assesmbly of ribosome.

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15
Q

Which enzyme causes DNA melting ahead of the replication fork?

A

Helicase

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16
Q

During DNA replication, the DNA ligase enzyme joins Okazaki fragments on lagging strands by catalysing…

A

The formation of a phosphodiester bond between 5’phosphate and 3’ hydroxyl of the adjacent Okzazaki fragments

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17
Q

Melting of DNA results in decreased … at … temperatures.

This is caused by the disruption of … bonds between the 2 strands.

A

Viscosity
High
Hydrogen

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18
Q

A nucleotide is composed of a … sugar, a … base and a … group.

A

Pentose
Nitrogenous
Phosphate

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19
Q

Sequence specific DNA cutting enzymes used in the creation of recombinant DNA are commonly known as…

A

Restriction Endonucleases

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20
Q

During the process of Translation, charged tRNA molecules enter the ribosome through…

A

A site

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21
Q

Plasmid vectors are commonly used as cloning vectors. What is INCORRECT about them?

A

Plasmids have been engineered to replicate in human cells

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22
Q

Acyclovir and Zidovudine are drugs used for viral infections. They function by…

A

Inhibiting DNA synthesis

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23
Q

EcoRI cleaves DNA at…

A

G AATTC

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24
Q

Even the smallest amount of DNA obtained from samples collected at crime scenes can be multiplied into MILLIONS of copies by using a technique called…

A

Polymerase chain reaction

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25
Q

A generically modified organism means an organism has had genes…

A

Replaced!

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26
Q

MicroRNAs and siRNAs act through which of the following mechanisms?

A

RNA Interference

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27
Q

The central dogma of molecular biology does NOT address…

A

Carbohydrates

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28
Q

In prokaryotes, RNA polymerase core enzymes PLUS sigma factor form the RNA polymerase holoenzyme.
The function of this sigma factor is…

A

Promoter recognition

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29
Q

Hyperchromic effect will be more pronounced when…

A

DNA has a very high A:T content

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30
Q

What is NOT a known RNA molecule?

A

zRNA

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31
Q

What is a protein that is involved in Translation?

A

Aminoacyl- tRNA Synthetase

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32
Q

Codons UAG, UAA and UGA are recognised by?

A

Release factor

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33
Q

Chargaff’s rule proved that…

A

DNA has equimolar ratio of Adenine and Thymine

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34
Q

Phosphodiester bonds are formed in this direction…

A

5’ - 3’

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35
Q

Silent mutation results in…

A

Change of DNA sequence WITHOUT changing the amino acid sequence

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36
Q

Terminal deoxynucleotodyl transferase is commonly used in cloning to generate…

A

3’ sticky ends

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37
Q

Genetic engineering is…

A

Transfer of DNA from 1 organism to another

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38
Q

Disulfide bond formation involves…

A

Oxidation of 2 cysteines to form s-s bond

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39
Q

The genetic code is the language in the … which has … letters and … words and the language is read by…

A

mRNA
Four
Sixty one
tRNA

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40
Q

What is INCORRECT in regards to the function of RNA polymerase?

A

It is a Nucleotidyl transferase that catalyses linkage of 2’ deoxyribonucleotides.

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41
Q

What is CORRECT about the genetic code?

A

The genetic code is degenerate

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42
Q

What is INCORRECT about DNA polymerase enzyme?

A

Essential for RNA replication

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43
Q

The mRNA code is read by…

A

tRNA

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44
Q

The … folding of a … chain can give rise to … such as helix and … sheets

A 
Local 
Peptide 
Secondary 
Alpha 
Beta
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45
Q

Who is accredited with the concept of double stranded nature of DNA?

A

Watson + Crick

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46
Q

What is INCORRECT about the genetic code?

A

ALL codons specify MORE THAN ONE amino acid

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47
Q

The enzyme that requires ATP to break hydrogen bonds between bases to open up DNA ahead of the Replication Fork is called…

A

Helicase

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48
Q

Prokaryotic ribosomes (70S) are made up of…

A

TWO subunits of 50S and 30S

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49
Q

What is NOT a pyrimidine base?

A

Adenine

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50
Q

What is FALSE about Telomerase?

A

It extends the 3’ end of the leading strand

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51
Q

What is FALSE about genomes?

A

Gene density is HIGHER in eukaryotes than in prokaryotes

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52
Q

What % of the DNA in the human genome represents Protein Coding Regions?

A

1.5 %

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53
Q

What is the approx. % of alternatively spliced human genes?

A

90%

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54
Q

What are satellites in the genome?

A

14 - 1000 bp tandem repeats of DNA

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55
Q

What is a pseudogene?

A

Non- functional copy of a gene

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56
Q

What pairs of genes / proteins are considered to be orthologus?

A

Yeast a-tublin and worm a-tubulin

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57
Q

What is chromatin?

A

DNA and histone proteins

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58
Q

Nucleosome cores DO NOT contain…

A

Histone H9

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59
Q

What is a key feature of chromosomes?

A

Centromere

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60
Q

Number of human chromosomes in haploid cells is…

A

23

61
Q

What is FALSE in regards to Giemsa staining?

A

It is used for the detection of single nucleotide chromosomal mutations

62
Q

2 genes may have a similar function if they share HIGH…

A

Homology

63
Q

How is sequence analysis useful?

A 
Organism identification
Protein domains and function 
Gene prediction 
Evolution and philogenetics
TF binding sites 
Protein families
64
Q

When aligning 2 highly similar sequences which aligner is the most appropriate?

A

Pairwise global

65
Q

What type of aligner is BLAST?

A

Local pairwise

66
Q

What is a permanent change in a gene?

A

Mutation

67
Q

What is the ploidy of a gamete?

A

Haploid

68
Q

What is the genotype of an F1 hybrid?

A

Heterozygous

69
Q

What is the phenotype of an F1 hybrid?

A

Dominant

70
Q

What is the F2 frequency of the dominant and recessive phenotypes?

A

75% dominant and 25% recessive

71
Q

Alleles in different chromosomes are…

A

Inherited separately

72
Q

In order to suffer from Huntington disease (dominant monogenic) and the individual must have…

A

At least 1 of parents must be affected

73
Q

To suffer from cystic fibrosis (monogenic recessive) individual must have…

A

Both parents that are carriers

74
Q

A male will suffer from haemophilia (x- linked recessive) if…

A

His mother is AT LEAST a carrier

75
Q

What is the genotype of a true- breeding organism?

A

Homozygote

76
Q

Alleles in the opposite extremes of the same chromosomes are…

A

Inherited separately

77
Q

In the absence of lactose and presence of glucose, the expression of genes in the lac operon is:

A

Negligible / repressed

78
Q

In the presence of BOTH lactose and presence of glucose, the expression of genes in the lac operon is:

A

Low expression

79
Q

In the absence of glucose and presence of lactose, the expression of genes in the lac operon is:

A

Maximal expression

80
Q

Actin is an essential cytoskeleton protein that determines the shape of cells.
How is it transcribed?

A

By RNA pol II and a weak broad promoter ( CpG island)

81
Q

18S is an essential RNA constituent of ribosomes. How is it transcribed?

A

By RNA Pol I and a weak dispersed promoter (CpG island)

82
Q

How do you think Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF) is transcribed?

A

By RNA pol II and a strong sharp promoter (TATA box and / or initiator element)

83
Q

What is BRE?

A

TFIIB recognition element

84
Q

What is the role of TFIIC in the pre- initiation complex?

A

There is NOT TFIIC in the pre initiation complex!

85
Q

What is NOT a structural motif found in a DNA binding domain?

A

Random coiled acidic domain

86
Q

What is the function of Mediator?

A

Act as a molecular bridge between transcription factors and the RNA polymerase

87
Q

The estrogen receptor…

A

Is inactive in the cystol in resting cells

88
Q

What histones have only N-terminal tails?

A

H2A and H2B

89
Q

What does H3K27me3 mean?

A

Tri methylation of Lysine 27 on Histone 3

90
Q

What are the members of the steroid receptor or nuclear receptor superfamily?

A

Zinc Finger Proteins

91
Q

What histone modification typically associates with Euchromatin?

A

Acetylation

92
Q

How would you identify genomic sequences modulating transcriptional activity?

A

By recombinant DNA technologies and reporter gene assays

93
Q

Epi genetic repression of gene transcription can occur through…

A

Histone methylation

94
Q

What is Gene Ontology?

A

A fixed language for describing gene function

95
Q

KEGG is a great database for…

A

Metabolic pathways

96
Q

A good database for obtaining functional information is…

A

GO

97
Q

What is NOT one of the three domains of Gene Ontology?

A

Enzyme classification

98
Q

What does Uniprot database store?

A

Curated and predicated amino acid sequences

99
Q

What is NOT a fixed format / language?

A

Uniprot

100
Q

What information is needed to univocally find a biological entity in a database?

A

Unique identifier

101
Q

What best describes the FastA format?

A

Fixed format for sequence information

102
Q

BLAST can be used to…

A

Look for sequence homology

103
Q

A statistically significant BLAST result will always have…

A

An E- value less than threshold (typically <0.001)

104
Q

What statement is FALSE regarding local sequence alignment?

A

Align sequences end to end

105
Q

What is NOT an application for multiple sequence alignment?

A

Detect regions of Analogy in multiple sequences

106
Q

In the context of Genomics, collinearity between 2 species is…

A

A set of homologous genes located in the SAME chromosome in the SAME order

107
Q

Analogy between 2 species relates to…

A

The sharing of a similar trait by Convergent Evolution

108
Q

How many copies of an mRNA are usually present (= median value) in a human cell?

A

17

109
Q

What is a RNA binding domain?

A

RRM

110
Q

Capping of mRNAs occurs in…

A

The nucleus

111
Q

Polyadenylation is a 2 step process involving…

A

Cleavage and polyadenylation

112
Q

What kind of chemical reactions happen during pre-mRNA splicing?

A

Transesterification

113
Q

Pre-mRNA splicing in eukaryotes involves small RNAs called…

A

snRNAs

114
Q

mRNA localisation: which of the following statements is FALSE?

A

mRNA localisation is unique in eukaryotes

115
Q

Translation regulation on mRNAs can be inferred by?

A

RNA binding proteins interacting with UTRs
RNA structures present in UTRs or elsewhere
Small non coding RNAs such as miRNAs
Translation initiation factors

116
Q

MicroRNAs…

A

Repress gene expression post- transcriptionally

117
Q

Which of the following is TRUE in regards to siRNAs?

A

Fully base pair with target mRNA in cytoplasm

118
Q

Xrn1…

A

Degrades RNA in 5’ to 3’ direction

119
Q

List the correct sequence of steps involved in Gene Cloning:

A
  1. Isolation of the desired gene
  2. Insertion of the isolated gene to the vector
  3. Introduction of the recombinant vector to the Host
  4. Expression of the recombinant gene in Host
  5. Extraction of the recombinant gene product.
120
Q

What eukaryotic transcription factor phosphorylates RNA polymerase 2?

A

TFIIH

121
Q

What type of DNA binding domain is present in the nuclear receptor superfamily?

A

Zinc finger domain with 4 cysteine residues

122
Q

What types of post translational modifications can be identified in histones?

A

Acetylation
Methylation
Phosphorylation
Ubiquitylation

123
Q

What is the cooperative binding of several transcription factors on a transcriptional element called?

A

Enhanceosome

124
Q

Bacterial promoters contain areas bound by RNA polymerase known as…

A

-10 and -35 boxes

125
Q

Zinc finger domains are…

A

DNA binding domains

126
Q

The prokaryotic RNA polymerase holoenzyme is…

A

The processive core PLUS sigma factor

127
Q

What is FALSE about TATA boxes and initiator elements?

A

Most eukaryotic genes are controlled by TATA boxes or initiator elements

128
Q

What is correct regarding the pre initiation complex?

A

Multiple transcription factors are needed to create it in eukaryotes

The 1st transcription factor that initiates it has DNA binding capacity

The LAST transcription factor that is recruited has Kinase activity

RNA polymerase 2 joins the promoter element in INACTIVE form

129
Q

What eukaryotic transcription factor fixes TFIID on DNA?

A

TFIIB

130
Q

What is FALSE regarding bacterial operons?

A

Encompasses multiple promoters

131
Q

What is FALSE about the TATA binding protein TBP?

A

All general transcription factors GTFs BUT TBP remain attached to promoter to allow new mRNA synthesis

132
Q

TATA boxes are…

A

Strong promoters controlling expression of inducbile genes

133
Q

A critical stretch of phosphorylated amino acids that is essential to support life is present in the…

A

Beta subunit 1 of RNA polymerase 2

134
Q

Hyperacetylation of the histone tails results in…

A

Promoter activation

135
Q

How is the gene interferon B controlled at the transcriptional level?

A

By RNA pol 2 and a strong promoter

136
Q

How do we define a eukaryotic transcription factor?

A

A protein with DNA binding activity that impacts on transcriptional activity

137
Q

What eukaryotic RNA polymerases produce protein coding RNA and tRNA respectively?

A

RNA pol 2 and RNA pol 3

138
Q

What is correct about prokaryotic gene expression?

A

Bacterial genes are polycistronic

139
Q

How does estrogen activate gene expression?!

A

It induces the translocation of the estrogen receptor into the nucleus

140
Q

What elements are needed to form the pre initiation complex?

A

RNA pol 2
General transcription factors
DNA promoter

141
Q

What is correct about enhancers and promoter proximal elements?

A

Their location upstream of the transcription start site is DIFFERENT

142
Q

In the presence of glucose, the lac operon is…

A

Repressed as long as it can neutralise cAMP, Lacl is active, CAP is not active

Repressed unless lactose is present

143
Q

What is correct regarding transcription elongation in prokaryotes?

A

Transcription elongation is chiefly controlled by Riboswitches

144
Q

Yeast two hybrids is a common technique used to assess…

A

Interactions between proteins

145
Q

In the presence of lactose, the lac operon…

A

Is activated as long as it can repress Lacl and CAP is activated

Is activated unless glucose is present and cAMP is neutralised

146
Q

What is true about eukaryotic gene transcription?

A

Eukaryotes have sophisticated mechanisms to control transcription at the initiation level

147
Q

A polycistronic transcript is…

A

Derived from multiple genes
Encodes for multiple proteins
NOT found in eukaryotic cells
Derived from 1 promoter element

148
Q

Where do eukaryotic promoters locate?

A

Depends on the gene

149
Q

What is FALSE regarding nuclear receptor superfamily transcription factors?

A

They are conserved in ALL eukaryotes

Genetics (1 decks)

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