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Semester 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What statement about Action Potentials is CORRECT?

A

It is a transient depolarisation of a cell

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2
Q

What is CORRECT about Intracellular Resting Membrane Potential?

A

It is always NEGATIVE with respect to the extracelluar space!

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3
Q

What is the effect of raised Extracellular K+ concentration from 4mM to 8mM on the resting membrane potential (RMP) in Excitable cells?

A

RMP is depolarised!

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4
Q

What is CORRECT about the Sympathetic Nervous System?

A

When activated, it is responsible for Adrenaline secretion from Adrenal Glands.

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5
Q

Postganglionic Parasympathetic Nerve Fibres release Acetylcholine to cause what?

A

Activate postsynaptic Muscarinic receptors

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6
Q

What is CORRECT regarding myelination of nerves?

A

It allows Saltatory Conduction of action potentials

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7
Q

What occurs at the Neuromuscular Junction?

A

Acetylcholine binds to Nicotinic receptors on the Muscle Membrane

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8
Q

Repolarisation is…

A

The restoration of difference in charge between inside + outside of cell membrane,
following depolarisation.

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9
Q

Depolarisation is…

A

LOSS of difference in charge between inside + outside of muscle or nerve cell plasma membrane.
Due to change in permeability AND migration of Na+ ions to the interior!

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10
Q

Resting Membrane Potential is…

A

The electrical potential difference across plasma membrane when cell is in NON- excited state.

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11
Q

Threshold Potential is…

A

The membrane potential at which Na+ permeability
(caused by depolarisation)
INCREASES to make Na+ inward flow just equal to the K+ outward flow.

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12
Q

What is the role of DRG in Quiet Breathing?

A

To set the rhythm and depth of breathing.

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13
Q

Rank the receptors in terms of STRENGTH of effect of control of breathing.
1 = strongest, 5 = weakest

A 
1 = Central Chemoreceptors
2= Peripheral Chemoreceptors
3= Stretch Receptors
4= Baroreceptors
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14
Q

Match the type of receptor with the effect it measures.

A 
[H+] = Central Chemoreceptor
PCO2 = Central Chemoreceptor

Blood Pressure = Baroreceptor

PO2 = Peripheral Chemoreceptor

Expansion of lungs = Stretch Receptor

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15
Q

What events happen when PCO2 is HIGH?

A
  1. Shift in equilibrium in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) towards the generation of H+ ions
  2. Increased chemoreceptor activity
  3. Increased neural activity in respiratory centres
  4. Respiratory muscle contraction is stimulated
  5. Ventilatory rate and depth increases
  6. Shift in equilibrium in CSF towards generation of Carbonic Acid H2CO3
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16
Q

Baroreceptors influence breathing through stimulation of what?

A

Doral Respiratory Group (DRG)

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17
Q

What occurs in Forced breathing?

A

Activation of DRG by central chemoreceptors

Activation of VRG by stretch receptors

Activation of VRG by baroreceptors!

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18
Q

The intracellular fluid can be distinguished from the extracellular fluid by the HIGH concentration of … ions in the ICF and LOW concentration of …, … and … ions

A

K +

Cl-, Na+ and HCO3-

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19
Q

What happens when extracellular [K+] decreases?

Concentration outside the cell goes down

A

Cells become LESS excitable.

Diffusion across the membrane is GREATER and the required membrane potential to balance the movement is MORE NEGATIVE.

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20
Q

What happens when INTRAcellular [K+] increases?

Concentration inside the cell goes up

A

Membrane potential (concentration inside the cell) becomes LESS negative than resting membrane potential.

Membrane becomes depolarised.

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21
Q

How many neurons in Somatic and Autonomic pathways?

A

Somatic - 1 neuron in each direction

Autonomic - 2 neurons, pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic

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22
Q

Why are different receptor subtypes used for Adrenaline and Noradrenaline?

A

The receptors have different affinities for adrenaline vs noradrenaline therefore will have different ‘strength’ of response to each!

Adrenaline and noradrenaline have different effects in different tissues.

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23
Q

Which neurotransmitters are used on target cells in:
A) Somatic motor neurones
B) Sympathetic Nervous System
C) Parasympathetic Pathways

A

A) Acetylcholine

B) At ganglion - acetylcholine
At target organ - noradrenaline

C) Acetylcholine

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24
Q

Which receptors are responsible for spreading the message on target cells in:

A) Somatic motor neurones
B) Sympathetic Nervous System
C) Parasympathetic Pathways

A

A) At target organ - nicotinic ACh receptors

B) At ganglion - nicotinic ACh receptors
At target organ - Adrenergic (a and b) receptors

C) at ganglion - nicotinic ACh receptors
At target organ - muscarinic ACh receptors

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25
What could cause the differences between experimental and predicted values for VC, FRC and TLC?
Individual variation Predicted values are based on LARGE- scale population studies and are averages! Practical considerations - if experimental values are lower, volunteer may have struggled to breathe through the flow head
26
Compared to normal breathing, how are FEV1 values affected by stimulating airways obstruction?
Expiratory rate is lower FEV1 will be a smaller fraction of the total expired volume than in normal breathing The decrease in FEV1 will result in significantly lower FEV1/ FVC ratio
27
What are the effects of smoking on respiration?
Increases mucous secretion which can cause obstruction Increased risk of infection = increased inflammation and narrowing of airways Increased RV Decreased FVC and FEV1 Long term effects - destruction of alveolar surface and development of emphysema or COPD
28
What is the carrier protein that transports absorbed iron through the blood?
Transferrin
29
What type of cell is associated with allergic reactions and parasitic infections that are less than 3% of leukocyte population and only live up to 12 hours?
Eosinophils
30
What does it indicate is someone has a sore throat and swollen lymph nodes?
The affected Lymph nodes contain an increased number of lymphocytes
31
What DOES NOT describe a component of the life cycle of erythrocytes?
Biliverdin is the protein that stores iron
32
What is false about erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets?
They are whole cells found in the blood
33
Polymononuclear phagocyte cells include which of the following leukocytes?
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and mast cells
34
What is FALSE about blood grouping?
Type AB persons are called universal donors
35
If someone’s blood cells agglutinate when mixed with anti-A serum but NOT with anti-B serum, what can you infer about their blood type?
Their plasma contains B antibodies
36
What substance stimulates the formation of platelets?
Thrombopoietin
37
What is NOT involved in platelet plug formation?
Vascular spasm due to smooth muscle contraction, pain reflex and factor release from active platelets
38
The process by which the surface of a microorganism is covered with antibodies and complement, making to more likely to be phagocytosis is called…
Opsonisation
39
The INTRINSIC pathway of coagulation is activated by what?
Activation of pro enzyme exposed to collagen
40
The function of opsonisation is…
To enable phagocytosis of the pathogen by phagocytes (neutrophils, basophils, monocytes and macrophages)
41
What happens if a person with type A blood receives a transfusion of type B blood?
( recipients blood contains A antigens on erythrocytes and anti B antibodies in plasma). (Donors blood contains B antigens and anti A antibodies in plasma). 1) Anti B antibodies in recipients plasma will bind to the B antigens on the donors erythrocytes 2) Anti A antibodies in donors plasma can bind to A antigens on recipients red blood cells - this is a LESS SERIOUS reaction as donors anti A antibodies are very diluted in recipients plasma.
42
What are the symptoms of anaemia?
``` Fatigue and loss of energy Unusually rapid heartbeat and shortness of breath, particularly during exercise Dizziness Pale skin Insomnia ```
43
What is anaemia and what are the signs?
Anaemia - lowered ability of the blood to carry oxygen Signs: Decrease in number of erythrocytes OR Decrease in the amount of haemoglobin in the blood
44
What happens to capillary BP and GFR when afferent arteriole dilates?
If you dilate - means there’s more blood coming in! So… Capillary blood pressure will be higher GFR will go up
45
Glomerular filtration rate…
Can be measured by the clearance rate of creatinine
46
What is true about bodily fluid?
60% male and 55% female of total body weight is water!
47
What is NOT correct about blood plasma?
Blood plasma contains HIGH concentration of K+ and Mg2+ and LOW concentrations of Na+ and Cl-
48
What is the most numerous leukocyte?
Neutrophil
49
Haematopoiesis is defined as…
Differentiation from a common progenitor cell
50
What is NOT true about erythrocytes?
They are biconcave structures with a lifespan of 30 days
51
What is the main function of neutrophils?
Defence against bacteria by phagocytosis
52
What are the functions of blood?
Transport O2 and CO2 Transport nutrients Transport hormones
53
Why would iron deficiency cause anaemia?
Erythrocytes need Fe2+ for haemoglobin to transport gases
54
What is NOT a blood grouping system?
Buffy
55
Why is ABO blood grouping most considered when identifying antigen / antibody interactions?
They are IgM antibodies, bind strongly and agglutinate cells
56
What are the functions of lymph?
Removal of interstitial fluid Transport of leukocytes (white blood cells) Lymph nodes act as filters where macrophages remove microbes
57
Opsonisation marks things for destruction, what is true about this process?
Opsonins coat the outside of target Complement proteins may be opsonins Provide handles for phagocytes to attach for phagocytosis
58
The complement cascade and the clotting cascade have 1 common feature, what is it?
Both are activation cascades of proteases
59
What is NOT true about haemostasis?
Culminates in fibrin formation to stabilise clots
60
What factors control the movement of water between interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid?
Osmolarity difference pH differences Number of transporters Amount of ATP present
61
Where does urine (formed by the nephrons) first drain into?
J - Papillary duct in renal renal pyramid
62
Increased secretion of Aldosterone would result in an … of blood …
Increase | Volume
63
What statement about the glomerular filtrate is correct?
It is formed at about 125 mL / min in a normal healthy adult
64
What statement about the proximal tubule function is correct?
It recovers about 80% of the filtered fluid back to the bloodstream
65
What waste product is normally excreted by the kidneys?
Urea
66
What term means the return of substances into the bloodstream from the filtrate?
Reabsorption
67
Glomerular capillaries and podocytes together form which of the following?
Filtration membrane
68
What type of cells are found in the proximal convoluted tubule?
Simple cuboidal epithelial cells
69
In which structure of the nephron does filtration occur?
Renal corpuscle
70
Bladder filling is brought about by…
Relaxation of the urinary bladder
71
Hypoventilation results in which of the following conditions?
Respiratory Acidosis
72
Increased secretion of hydrogen ions would result in a …
Increase of blood pH
73
Increased secretion of Aldosterone would result in an increase of blood…
Volume
74
What transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder?
Ureter
75
Consumption of salty food causes an increase in what hormone?
Anti- diuretic hormone (ADH)
76
The kidneys realise Renin to cause an increase in blood…
Pressure
77
In the proximal convoluted tubules, the reabsorption of a nutrient like glucose through the apical membranes occurs by…
Na+ / glucose symporter
78
How do you think membrane potential changes?
Availability of ion channels - number and type in the membrane Movement of charged ions across the membrane - Na+ in and K+ channels
79
Explain the steps of excitation - contraction coupling for muscle contraction and relaxation
1. Action potential propagates along surface membrane and down T-tubules 2. Depolarisation opens Ca2+ channels in sarcoplasmic reticulum (ca2+ stores) 3. Ca2+ released into sarcoplasm and [Ca2+] rises, 10- fold increase! 4. Ca2+ binds to Troponin and CONTRACTS muscle 5. Ca2+ re- accumulated by sER via a Ca2+ - ATPase pump and muscle RELAXES
80
Pulmonary Ventilation refers to…
The movement of air into and out of the lungs
81
Surfactant helps to prevent…
The Alveoli from collapsing
82
What is correct in regards to Quiet Breathing?
Inspiration involves muscular contraction and Expiration is passive
83
An increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood will…
Increase pulmonary ventilation
84
Air moves out of the lungs because…
The volume of the lungs DECREASES with expiration
85
The upper respiratory tract includes all EXCEPT the…
Lungs
86
The Dorsal Respiratory Group controls…
The contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostals
87
What would make the oxygen haemoglobin curve shift to the RIGHT?
Increased H+ concentration
88
What is FALSE about left ventricular ejection phase?
It is when the pressure in the left ventricle is lower than the aortic pressure
89
The period of ventricular contraction during the cardiac cycle is controlled by…
The stimulation of parasympathetic (vagal) nerve fibres
90
What is FALSE regarding the baroreceptor reflex?
It is responsible for the regulation of heart rate
91
What is correct about the heart?
It ejects about 5 litres of blood per minute in a typical resting adult
92
List what the propagation of an action potential in the heart travels through.
SA node > atria > AV node > bundle of his > purkinje fibres > ventricles
93
What is true about the electrocardiogram ECG?
The T wave corresponds to ventricular repolarisation
94
What is FALSE about the left ventricular isovolumic relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle?
The Mitral Valve is opened
95
Arterial blood pressure is the product of what?
Cardiac output and Systemic vascular resistance
96
Cardiac muscle requires…
An electrical stimulation to contract!
97
In the respiratory system, the MAJOR difference between a volume and a capacity is that…
A capacity is the sum of AT LEAST 2 volumes
98
During Normal Expiration, what occurs?
Elastic recoil of the stretched muscles helps return the Thorax to its resting volume
99
List the correct order of events starting at resting membrane potential in the generation of an action potential.
1. The membrane depolarises to threshold 2. Voltage gated Na+ and K+ channels begin to open 3. Rapid Na+ entry 4. Na+ channels close 5. K+ moves from cell to extracellular fluid 6. Hyper polarisation occurs
100
During Inspiration, the diaphragm and other chest muscles … causing the thoracic cavity to…
Contract | Expand
101
At the Nerve Skeletal Muscle junction, … neurons release … in … from the presynaptic nerve terminal to induce … release from sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Motor Acetylcholine Vesicles Calcium
102
What is NOT a major function of the kidney?
Regulation of blood cell size
103
What is correct about Residual Volume RV?
Is it the volume of gas LEFT in the respiratory system after exhaling maximally
104
What is correct about Tidal Volume VT?
It is the volume breached in each breath during Quiet Breathing
105
What is FALSE about the Adrenal Medulla?
It is activated by parasympathetic nerves
106
During excitation contraction coupling in skeletal muscle…
The intracellular Ca2+ concentration is transiently increased
107
What is correct regarding gas transport?
The chloride shift enables carbonate ion release into the plasma for transport

Physiology (2 decks)

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