Semester 1 Topic Final Test Flashcards
List and describe the functions of the skeletal system.
1) Protection,
The skull and ribs protect our brain and vital organs from damage.
2) Shape and Support
The skeletal system gives shape to our body. The skeleton holds our vital organs in place when doing sports and our spine holds our body upright.
3) Movement
Our muscles are attached to bones and when the muscle contracts your bones move.
4) Blood Production
Red blood cells and white blood cells are produced in the bone marrow of some bones.
5) Mineral Storage
Bone tissue stores several minerals including calcium, magnesium, and phosphorous which get released into the blood to help balance the minerals in the body.
List and describe the 3 types of muscles in the human body and provide exampes of each.
1) Smooth muscle is found in the walls of your hollow organs like your intestines and stomach. They consist of involuntary control.
2) Cardiac muscle is a type of muscle only found in the heart. Unlike the other types it never gets tired. Works automatically and constantly without pausing to rest.
3) Skeletal muscle cover our skeleton giving the body its shape. Skeletal muscles are under voluntary control. Such as the arms and legs, they are the tissue most commonly thought of as muscle.
List and describe the functions of the muscular system.
1) Allow movement of the body
Muscles don’t move objects of weight, but instead the muscles move the bones that rotate about the connecting joints. When muscles contract they contribute to movement.
2) Maintain posture
Skeletal muscles help keep the body in correct position when sitting or standing.
3) Permit essential bodily functions i.e. breathing and digestion
The muscle system helps to permit important functions such as breathing and digestion. And several of these body functions are controlled by muscle.
Explain the role of the antagonist and agonist muscles during reciprocal inhibition.
The role of these muscles is to act in pairs and coordinate with each other by simultaneously relaxing and contracting as a protective measure to help keep us from getting injured.
List 2 pairs of antagonistic muscles and link them to a sporting activity/exercise. (e.g.)
Pushups -
Biceps = agonist
Triceps = antagonist
Kicking a ball -
Hamstrings = agonist
Quadriceps = antagonist
Name the two types of muscle fibres and give an example of two sport/activities for each.
Fast twitch fibres
- Contract very quickly and very powerfully but get tired quickly, a sport activity for this is sprinting and powerlifting
Slow twitch fibres
- Contract more slowly and with less force but get tired less quickly, a sport activity for this is long-distance running (marathons or 5K) and swimming.
What is concentric and eccentric contractions?
Eccentric: The force is greater than the muscle tension, causing the muscle to lengthen when it contracts.
Concentric: The tension is greater than the force opposing it so the muscle shortens when it contracts.
Explain what isotonic muscle contraction means?
Isotonic muscle contraction is when the muscle maintains the same tension as it lengthens or shortens. An example is running.
Explain what isometric muscle contraction means?
Isometric muscle contractions are when the muscle applies a force but does not change its length. An example is pushing against a stationary object.
Name the 3 types of joints in the body, explain the movements they allow and give an example of each.
Fibrous (immovable)
Unite adjacent bones and provide protection to vital organs.
Example: Radioulnar joints
Cartilaginous (partly moveable)
Connected entirely by cartilage
Example: Between the vertebrae of the spine and ribs
Synovial (freely moveable)
The most common type of joint classification found in the body.
List the different types of anatomical movements that the muscles and skeleton can produce.
Flexion (decreasing the angle between two body parts) and Extension (increasing the angle between two body parts)
Abduction (movement away from the midline) and Adduction (movement towards the midline)
Dorsiflexion (flexion at the ankle) and Planterflexion (extension at the ankle)
Pronation and Supination
List the 6 synovial joints, the anatomical movements they allow and provide an example of where you would find this joint for each.
Hinge joint (back and forth movement)
E.g. knee, elbow
Anatomical movements: Flexion and extension
Dorsiflexion and Plantarflexion for the ankle
Pivot (rotational movement)
E.g. radius and humerus
Anatomcial movements:
Allow bone rotation about another bone
Ball and socket (back and forth)
E.g. shoulder, hip
Anatomical movements:
Flexion and extension
Condyloid (back and forth and side to side movement)
E.g. wrist
Anatomical movements:
Extension, Flexion, Pronation, Abduction, Adduction
Gliding (Two flat bones slide over eachother)
E.g. carpals, ribs, vertebrae]
Anatomical movements:
Only allow sliding movements
Saddle (side to side and back and forth movement)
E.g. thumb
Anatomical movements:
Flexion, Extension, Pronation, Abduction, Adduction
Describe the difference between tendons and ligaments.
Ligaments attach bone to bone and serves to keep hold structures together and keep them stable.
Tendons hold a muscle and a bone together.
List the 5 types of bones and give an example for each.
Long bones
The classification of these are having a body which is longer than it is wide and having a shaft with two ends. An example is the femur and tibia.
Short bones
Classified as roughly as wide as they are long
Primary function is to provide support and stability with as little movement as possible. An example is the carpals and tarsals.
Flat bones
Strong flat bones, primary function is to provide protection to the vital organs and be a foundation for muscular attachment. An example is the scapula and cranium.
Sesamoid bones
Small bones that develop in the tendons around some of the joints an example is the patella.
Irregular bones
Bones which don’t fall into any other of the categories. An example is the sacrum and mandible.
Describe the difference between the axial and appendicular skeleton.
The axial skeleton is the part of the skeleton that consists of the bones of the head and trunk of the vertebrae (spine.) It provides support and protection for the brain and the spinal cord.
The appendicular skeleton is the part of the skeleton that consists of the bones and the cartilage that supports your limbs
