Semester 1 Study Guide Flashcards
Internal processes
Events that occur within (under) the earth’s surface, specifically plate tectonics.
Physical process
Weather, tectonic forces, waves freezing, thawing, gravity, soil building and the spheres
Circle of illumination
the angle at which the sun strikes the earths surface varies with season and latitude
Equator aq a.sz
An imaginary circle around the middle of the earth halfway between the North Pole and the South Pole 0 degrees latitude
Axis
An imaginary line through a body about which it rotates
Tropic of Capricorn
23 1/2 degrees south of the equator
Tropic of Cancer 23 1/2 degrees north of the equator
23 1/2 degrees north of the equator
Latitude
east - west lines parallel to the equator used to measure distance in degrees north or south of the equator
Longitude
Distance east or west of the prime meridian, used to measure distance in degrees east or west of the prime meridian
Meridians
Another name for for lines of longitude
Parallels
Another name for line of latitude
International date line
A theoretical line following approximately the 180th meridian, the regions to the east of which are counted as being one day earlier in their calendar dates than the region of the west
Ring of fire
A major belt of volcanoes that rims the Pacific Ocean
Primary sources
Eyewitness accounts of history. They include letters diaries speeches and interviews
Secondary sources
Commentaries summaries reviews it interpretation of primary sources to provide new insights or historical perspectives
Patriarchal
System of society, government it family controlled by men
Dynasty
A powerful family or group of rulers that maintains its position for power for some time
Republic
A form of government in which the people select representatives to govern them and make laws
Empire
A group of states or territories controlled by one ruler
Monarchy
A form of government in which power is vested in heredity kings and queens who govern the interests of all
Aristocracy
A government in which power is in the hands of a heredity ruling class or nobility
Oligarchy
A form of government in which the power to rule is held by a small usually self appointed elite
Tyranny
A government in which absolute power is vested in one single ruler. Can sometimes be cruel
Democracy
A political system in which the supreme power lies in o body of citizens who can elect people to represent them.
Theocracy
A government controlled by religious leaders
Divine right
Belief that rulers and authority comes directly from God
Mandate of Heaven
A political theory developed during the Zhou dynasty of ancient China in which those in power were believed to have the right to rule from divine authority
Dynastic cycle
The historical pattern of the rise decline and replacement of dynasties due to the Mandate of Heaven
Code of Hammurabi
A collection of 282 laws which is one of the first examples of written law in the ancient civilizations enforced under Hammurabi’s rule
Book of the dead
A collection of religious spells which were thought to be helpful to the deceased in the afterlife in ancient Egypt
Jewish law
The complete body of rules and practices that are bound to follow including biblical commandments instituted by the rabbis and binding customs
Epic of Gilgamesh
A famous poem that describes ancient Sumerian life it is also called the oldest story in the world
Analects
Book that collects the writings and sayings of Confucius
Daodejing
The central text of Daoism; translated as the way and it power
Ramayana
A Hindu epic written in Sanskrit hat describes the adventures of the King Rama and his queen
Paleolithic
(Old Stone Age) a long period of human development before the development of agriculture
Neolithic
(10,000-8,000 BCE) the development of agriculture and the domestication of animals as a food source. This led to the development of permanent settlements and the start of civilization.
Catal huyuk
One of the first true cities in history created in the Neolithic era in 6500 to 5500 bc from which were created agriculture trading temples housing and religions
Jericho
Oldest Neolithic community in the West Bank between Israel and Jordan
Culture
Beliefs customs and traditions of a specific group of people
Civilization
A society with cities a central govt job specialization and social classes
Ziggurat
A rectangular tiered temple or terraced mound erected by the ancient Assyrians and Babylonians
Hittites
A people from central Anatolia who established an empire in Anatolia and Syria in the late Bronze Age with wealth from the trade in metals and military power based on chariot forces
Polytheistic
Belief in many gods
Dharma
In Hindu belief a persons religious and moral duties
Karma
(Hinduism and Buddhism) the effects of a persons actions that determine his destiny in his next incarnation
Caste system
A Hindu social class that controlled every aspect of daily life a set of rigid social categories that determined not only a persons occupation and economic potential but also his or her position in society
Four noble truths
All life is full of suffering
The cause of suffering is desire
The only cure for suffering is to overcome desire
The way to overcome desire is to follow the eightfold path
Eightfold path
In Buddhism the basic rules and beliefs leading to an end of suffering as taught by the Buddha the path one must follow to reach nirvana
Five themes of geography
Location place regions movement human environment interaction
Types of regions
Formal, functional, perceptual
Climate graph
Shows the average temperatures and precipitation in a place
South Asia
A region of Asia that includes Afghanistan Pakistan India and Nepal
East Asia
A region of asus that includes China Mongolia North Korea South Korea and Japan
Four river valley civilizations
Indus yellow Tigris and Euphrates and Nile
Cuneiform
A system of writing in which wedge shaped symbols represented words or syllables. It originated in Mesopotamia and was used initially for Sumerians but later was adapted to represent other languages of Western Asia
Hieroglyphs
A stylized picture of an object representing a word syllable it sound as found in ancient Egyptian and other writing systems
Primary activities
Economic activities in which natural resources are made available for use or further processing including mining agriculture forestry and fishing
Secondary activities
Economic activities concerned with the processing of raw materials such as manufacturing construction and power generation
Tertiary activities
Activities that provide the market exchange of goods and that bring together consumers and providers of services such as retail transportation government personals and professional services
Art of war
An ancient Chinese book on military strategy written by sun tzu
Daoism
Philosophical system developed by Lao-tzu advocating a simple honest life and noninterference with the course of natural events
Confucianism
A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present worlds and stresses a moral code of conduct
Legalism
Chinese philosophy developed that taught that humans are naturally evil and need to be ruled by harsh laws
Mesopotamia
First civilization located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in present day Iraq term means land between the rivers in Sumerian culture
Fertile Crescent
A geographical area of fertile land in the Middle East stretching in a broad semicircle from the Nile to the Tigris and Euphrates
Nile
Civilizations in Egypt developed along the mill Nile about 3000 bc
Tigris and Euphrates
Two rivers that form the outside border of Mesopotamia ok the Fertile Crescent
Indus River
A river in South Asia thay flows from the Himalayas to the Arabian Sea. The location of the first River valley civilization of India
Ganges
A River of South Asia that flows southeast from the Himalayas to the Bay of Bengal, part of indogangetic plain holy to Hindus creates fertile land
Huang he
A major river named yellow river because it deposits huge amounts of yellowish silt when it overflows its banks
Himalaya mts
A vast mountain system in Southern Asia that extends for 1,500 miles between China and India, highest mountains
Go i desert
A high desert in China and Mongolia
