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Bio > Semester 1 Study Guide > Flashcards

Semester 1 Study Guide Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What is an isotope

A

Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons they contain

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1
Q

What are the three subatomic particles of an atom

A

Protons, neutrons, and electrons

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2
Q

What are the two main types of chemical bonds

A

Ionic bonds and covalent bonds

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3
Q

Difference between cohesion and adhesion

A

Cohesion- an attraction between molecules with the same substance
Adhesion- an attraction between molecules with a different substance

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4
Q

Why are water me clues polar

A

They are both positive and negative

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5
Q

Why are water molecules attracted to each other

A

Because they are polar

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6
Q

What does pH measure?

A

The concentration if hydrogen ions in a solution

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7
Q

4 major classifications if macromolecules

A

Lipids-insulation
Carbohydrates- provides immediate energy
Proteins- provide structure
Nucleic acid- stores genetic information

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8
Q

What is polymerization

A

Molecules composed of many monomers (macromolecules)

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9
Q

What is activation energy?

A

Energy needed to start a reaction.

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10
Q

What is a catalyst and how does it work

A

It is a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy

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11
Q

What factors influence enzyme activity?

A

A rise or decline in pH or in temperature

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12
Q

What are biotic and abiotic factors?

A

Biotic factors are living while abiotic factors are not

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13
Q

What are the seven layers of the biosphere

A 
Individual
Species
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biome
Biosphere
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14
Q

What is a primary producer?

A

An organism that makes it’s own food (an autotroph)

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15
Q

What are consumers?

A

Organisms that must feed off of other organisms (heterotrophs)

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16
Q

What are the six different types of heterotrophs?

A 
Herbivores-eat only plants
Carnivores-eat only animals 
Omnivores- eat plants and animals
Detritivores- feed on dead matter
Decomposers- break down organic matter
Scavengers- feed in refuse
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17
Q

What’s the difference between a food web and a food chain?

A

A food chain is a series if steps in which organism transfer energy while a food web is a network of interactions formed by energy exchange among organisms

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18
Q

Identify three types of ecological pyramids

A

Pyramids of energy, pyramids of biomass, and pyramids of numbers

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19
Q

What is the ten percent rule?

A

Every time the energy moves up a level, only 1/10 of the original amount is used and stores?

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20
Q

What are the three nutrient cycles?

A

The carbon cycle, the nitrogen cycle, and the phosphorus

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21
Q

What do autotrophs do during photosynthesis?

A

Turn sunlight into chemical energy

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22
Q

What is a limiting nutrient?

A

A limiting nutrient is a substance that is scarce or slowly cycling out of an ecosystem.

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23
Q

What is a niche?

A

A full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism used those conditions

24
Q

Describe the role that competition plays in shaping communities?

A

It shapes communities because species compete for space and recourses and usually one wins and lives in the space

25
Q

What is a keystone species

A

A singular species that has experienced a change in population

26
Q

What is symbiosis? Name and describe 3 major types

A

Symbiosis is any relationship in which two species live closely together
Mutualism- both species benefit
Parasitism- one organism lives on or inside the other and harms it
Commensalism- one organism is helped and the other harmed

27
Q

What is a pioneer species

A

The first species to colonize barren areas

28
Q

Describe the three water zones in an aquatic system

A

Photic zone- 200 meters, sun lit region, nest surface
Aphotic zone- dark region below photic zone
Benthic zone- the dark areas on the bottom of lakes, streams, and oceans

29
Q

What is an estuary and why are they so important?

A

It’s a special kind of wet land formed where a river meets the sea. They’re important because they serve as a spawning and nursery ground for many important fish and shellfish species

30
Q

What factors affect population growth?

A

Geographic range, density and distribution, growth rate, and age structure

31
Q

What’s the difference between exponential growth and logistic growth?

A

Exponential growth is when the larger a population gets the faster it grows(j shaped curve)
Logistic growth is whe a populations growth slows and then stops followed by a period of exponential growth (s shaped curve)

32
Q

What is carrying capacity?

A

The maximum number of an individual species that an environment can support

33
Q

List three density dependent factors

A

Competition, predation, and parasitism

34
Q

How has human population changed over time?

A

It’s increased dramatically

35
Q

What are age structure diagram and how are they useful in predicting future population?

A

They are graphs that show the distribution of various ages in a population. They’re useful because they allow scientists to determine if the number of individuals likely to have children will increase in the future and tell us whether a population is growing, steady, or declining in number

36
Q

What is cell theory?

A

The theory that
1 cells make up all living things
2 cells can only come from other cells
3 cells are the building blocks of life

37
Q

What are the characteristics of prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes- simple, no nucleus, DNA in cytoplasm, earlier form
Eukaryotes- complex, store DNA in nucleus, later form

38
Q

What structures do plants have that animals don’t?

A

Cell wall and chloroplast

39
Q

What does it mean the a cell membrane is a lipid bilayer?

A

Because is us composed of two layers of fat cells

40
Q

Why are cell membranes described as a mosaic of different membranes?

A

It is made up if many different macromolecules. Lipids carbohydrates and proteins

41
Q

How do you determine concentration

A

You divide the mass of the solute by the volume of the solvent

42
Q

Define solute, solvent, and solution

A

Solute: substance that is dissolved in a liquid
Solvent: the dissolving substance in a solution
Solution: type of mixture in which all components are evenly distributed

43
Q

What is equilibrium? Are molecules moving or not moving when equilibrium is reached?

A

Equilibrium is when the concentration is the same on both sides of the cell wall. It does not mean the cells stop moving

44
Q

Define isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions

A

Isotonic solution- the concentration is equal inside the cell and the solution
Hypertonic solution- the solution is more concentration
Hypotonic- the solution is less concentrated

45
Q

What is the difference between phagocytosis and pinocytosis

A

Phagocytosis- when a cell consumes something for energy

Pinocytosis- when a cell gets energy from the water around it

46
Q

What is cell specialization?

A

When specific cells are assigned certain jobs

47
Q

What are the four levels of organization in multicellular organisms?

A

Cell, tissue, organ, organ system

48
Q

What is science and what is it’s goal?

A

Science is an exploration of the natural world with a goal is figuring out how things work and interact with each other

49
Q

What is the difference between an observation and an inference?

A

Observations- made with five senses, used to make a conclusion about a situation
Inference- applying experience to come to a new understanding about a situation

50
Q

How do scientists develop a hypothesis

A

Based on prior knowledge and observations

51
Q

What is a controlled experiment?

A

An experiment where only on variable is changed or altered at a time

52
Q

What steps are used to design a good experiment?

A

Record all conditions so tests can be repeated and replicated, variables are all tested at one time

53
Q

What is a theory?

A

An explanation of a situation that is supported with a lot of evidence and data

54
Q

What are the characterizations of living things

A 
Made of cells
Reproduce
Have DNA
Take in materials for energy
Maintain homeostasis
Respond to stimuli
Grow
Evolve and change over time
55
Q

What is homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a stable internal environment

56
Q

What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction?

A

Sexual- each parent donates gametes to form an individual that is a blend of both parents
Asexual- one cell reproduces into 2 identical cells

57
Q

What measurement to scientists use the most?

A 
Metric system 
Temperature- Celsius
Mass- grams 
Length - meters
Time- seconds
Volume- liters or mililiters

Bio (5 decks)

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