Semester 1 Study Guide

Question 1

Identify what chemistry studies

Answer 1

Chemistry is the study of the composition of matter and the changes that matter undergoes.

Question 2

Define matter

Answer 2

Anything that has mass and occupies space

Question 3

Identify SI Units

Answer 3

Length - meter (m)
Time - second (s)
Amount of substance - mole (mole)
Temperature - kelvin (K)
Mass - kilogram (kg)

Question 4

Celsius to Kelvin

Answer 4

K = C + 273.15

Question 5

Kelvin to Celsius

Answer 5

C = K - 273.15

Question 6

Fahrenheit to Celsius

Answer 6

C = (F-32) (5/9)

Question 7

Celsius to Fahrenheit

Answer 7

F = C(9/5) + 32

Question 8

Fahrenheit to Kelvin

Answer 8

K = (F-32) (5/9) + 273.15

Question 9

Kelvin to Fahrenheit

Answer 9

F = (K-273.15) (9/5) + 32

Question 10

Calculate density formula

Answer 10

p=m/v

Question 11

List the 3 subatomic particles and their basic properties

Answer 11

Protons - positive charge.
Neutrons - no charge.
Electrons - negative charge

Question 12

Recognize isotopes from symbols and descriptions

Answer 12

a/z X
a - mass number (protons + neutrons)
z - atomic number.
X - element symbol.

Question 13

Alpha (a) particles- helium nucleus

Answer 13

4/2 He

Question 14

Beta particles - electron

Answer 14

0/-1 e

Question 15

Gamma ray - high energy photon

Answer 15

2 0/0 (Y)

Question 16

Positron production

Answer 16

0/1 e

Question 17

Electron capture

Answer 17

0/-1 e (left side)

Question 18

Describe what happens during a nuclear transformation

Answer 18

Two light nuclei merge to form a single heavier nucleus.

Question 19

Nuclear fusion

Answer 19

combining two light nuclei to form a heavier nucleus.

Question 20

Nuclear fission

Answer 20

splitting a heavy nucleus into two nuclei with smaller mass numbers.

Question 21

Cation

Answer 21

ions that are positively charged.

Question 22

Anion

Answer 22

ions that are negatively charged.

Question 23

How to recognize how many electrons an ion has lost or gained

Answer 23

Subtract the amount of charge from the atomic number.

Question 24

Identify what charge an element will have based on its location on the periodic table

Answer 24

Metals (found on the left of the table) will be positive. Non-metals (found on the right) will be negative.

Question 25

Recognize metals, nonmetals, and metalloids and list their basic properties

Answer 25

Metals: Most metals have a shiny metallic luster and reflective surface.
Nonmetals: Nonmetals are generally dull or nonreflective and do not have a metallic luster.
Metalloids: Metalloids can have a metallic or nonmetallic appearance, depending on the element.

Question 26

Describe what electrons do when they are excited in a quantized atom

Answer 26

As an atom emits energy, it “falls” to a smaller, lower energy orbit

Question 27

Know what an electron cloud diagram is used for

Answer 27

To describe the behavior of electrons, it is useful in building a model of the atom. The electron cloud shows the area in space where an electron is most likely to be.

Question 28

Describe the shapes of the s- and p- sublevels

Answer 28

s- sphere
p- dumbbell shaped

Question 29

Know how to use and identify the Aufbau principle

Answer 29

Aufbau Principle: lower energy orbitals fill before higher energy orbitals.

Question 30

Know how to use and identify Hund’s rule

Answer 30

Hund’s Rule: one electron goes into each until all of them are half full before pairing up.

Question 31

Know how to use and identify Pauli exclusion principle

Answer 31

Pauli Exclusion Principle: no two electrons can be identified by the same set of quantum numbers (i.e. must have. different spins).

Question 32

Know what a valence electron is and how to calculate how many an atom has

Answer 32

Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom.
The number of valence electrons is equal to the atom’s main group number. (Skipping transition metals)

Question 33

Determine properties of elements based off of their location on the table (Metals/Nonmetals/Metalloids, lonization Energy, Atomic Size)

Answer 33

Metals- most of the periodic table; left and middle.
Nonmetals- top right corner.
Metalloids- in between metals and nonmetals on a slayed line.
Ionization energy- bottom left is lowest, top right is highest.
Atomic size- top right is lowest, bottom left is highest.