semester 1 finals Flashcards
doubling time
number of years to double a population
carrying capacity
the number of people a place such as a town, city, country, or the world can support
refugee
people who must leave their country for their own safety or survival due to armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights or natural human-made disasters. LEAVE COUNTRY
internally displaced person
people who must leave their home for their own safety or survival due to armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights or natural human-made disasters. STAY IN THE SAME COUNTRY
guest worker
a person from one country who lives and works for a time in another country
remittances
the funds that migrants send back to their home countries, often to support family members or communities
voluntary migration
the process where individuals move from one place to another based on their own free will, typically driven by personal choices or opportunities rather than external pressures
forced migration
the involuntary movement of individuals or groups away from their home or country due to factors such as conflict, persecution, natural disasters, or economic hardship
brain drain
the emigration of highly skilled and educated individuals from one country to another, often in search of better opportunities, living conditions, or political stability
step migration
gradual migration from farm to village to town to big city. it happens in a series of steps
built environment
the human-made spaces in which people live, work, and interact. this includes buildings, parks, streets, and other infrastructure that shape our surroundings and influence how we engage with the environment
sequent occupance
geographical theory that examines how the human population of a region changed over time leaving their cultural imprint on a place
language families
a collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history
- romance languages : spanish, italian, french
- indo-european
- sino-tibetan
colonialism
colonialism is where one country physically exerts complete control over another country
imperialism
imperialism is formal or informal economic and political domination of one country over the other
language
the method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way
universal religions
offer belief systems that are attractive to the universal population. they look for new members and welcome anyone and everyone who wishes to adopt their belief system. have many diverse members, who come from different ethnic backgrounds.
ethnic religions
relate closely to culture, ethnic heritage, and to the physical geography of a particular place. do not attempt to appeal to all people, but only one group, maybe in one locale or within one ethnicity
- judaism
- hinduism
assimilation
the process through which individuals or groups from one culture adopt the customs, values, and behaviors of another culture, often leading to a loss of their original cultural identity
acculturation
the adoption of certain cultural and social characteristics of one society by another society while still keeping their original cultural traits as well
multiculturalism
the coexistence of diverse cultural groups within a society, promoting the recognition, appreciation, and preservation of different cultural identities
xenophobia
fear or dislike of foreigners significantly different from oneself
relocation diffusion
the spread of culture/ and or cultural traits by people who migrate and carry their cultural traits with them
contagious diffusion
cultural traits spread continuously outward from its hearth through contact among people (like a sickness). EXPANSION DIFFUSION
hierarchical diffusion
spread of culture outward from centers of wealth and influence to others of less power. EXPANSION DIFFUSION
stimulus diffusion
when an underlying idea from a culture hearth is adopted by another, but the adapting group modifies or rejects one trait. EXPANSION DIFFUSION
folk culture
cultural traditions that are done at a local level and which are derived from longstanding cultural practices
popular culture
the set of ideas, practices, beliefs, and objects that are prevalent and widely accepted within mainstream society at a given time (trends).
isogloss
the boundaries between variations in pronunciations or word usage
popular culture transmitter
mass media and technology
culture hearths
a place of origin for a widespread cultural trend
origin of geography
eratosthenes, the ancient greek scholar is called the ‘father of geography. he was the first one to use the word geography and he also had a small-scale notion of the planet that helped him to determine the circumference of the earth
large scale maps (analysis)
show a smaller amount of area with a greater amount of detail
small scale maps (analysis)
show a greater amount of area with a smaller amount of detail
remote sensing
the process of detecting and monitoring the physical characteristics of an area by measuring its reflected and emitted radiation at a distance (high-flying).
GPS
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM. a U.S.-owned utility that provides users with positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) services
sense of place
the distinctiveness or unique character of particular localities and regions. being able to identify an area based on unique cultural characteristics
placelessness
result of globalization. the inability to identify an area because of all unique cultural features being absent.
environmental determinism
the belief that the environment, specifically its physical factors such as climate, determines the patterns of human culture and societal development
environmental possibilism
the concept that the natural environment places constraints on human activity, but humans can adapt to some environmental limits while modifying others using technology
cultural landscape
a place with many layers of history that evolves through design and use over time. cultural imprint humans leave on an area
pronatalist
a policy or practice of encouraging the bearing of children, especially government support of a higher birthrate
antinatalist
a government policy to slow down the fertility rate of a country
arithmetic density
the calculation of how many people are living in a specific area of land
physiological density
the term used for the number of people per unit area of arable land
agricultural density
the number of farmers per unit area of arable land
neo-malthusians
supporters of malthusian theory. a concern that overpopulation as well as over consumption may increase resource depletion and/or environmental degradation will lead to ecological collapse or other hazards
demographic transition model
demographic transition is a phenomenon and theory which refers to the historical shift from high birth rates and high death rates to low birth rates and low death rates, as societies attain more technology, education (especially of women) and economic development
zero population growth
a condition where the population remains stable. the population neither grows or declines because number of births and deaths are equation
reference map
- focuses on location
- all the information is displaced on the same level of importance
ex.
physical map : displays landscape features
political map : focuses on state and national
boundaries of a place
thematic map
a type of map that portrays the geographic pattern of a particular subject matter (theme) in a geographic area. contrast from general but the focus is instead on a pattern or specific concept
choropleth map
shows statistical data of areas such as countries or states, by coloring these regions. THEMATIC MAP
dot distribution map
places small point symbols over a given space to indicate the distribution of a given phenomenon. THEMATIC MAP
proportional symbol map
point symbols of different sizes to represent number data within a location. THEMATIC MAP
isoline map
depicts continuous quantitative fields such as precipitation or elevation by partitioning space into regions, each containing a consistent range of values of the field (lines). THEMATIC MAP
cartogram map
intentionally distorts and sizes geographic space based on a given variable;e, usually by scaling features so their size is proportional to the value of the variable. THEMATIC MAP
flow line map
maps that use line symbols and arrows to portray movement or relationships between two or more places, such as air travel, monetary and, or economic trade (line flow). THEMATIC MAP
map projection
presenting features of a curved, three-dimensional surface on a flat, two-dimensional surface
map making
cartography
map distortion
the misrepresentation of shape, area, distance, or direction of or between geographic features when compared to their true measurements on the curved surface of the earth
formal region
regions defined by government or administrative boundaries (states, countries, cities). region defined by similar characteristics (corn bel, rocky mountains region, chinatown).
functional region
regions defined by a function (newspaper service area, cell phone coverage area).
perceptual/vernacular region
regions defined by people’s perception (middle east, the south, etc).
mercator projection
a conformal cylindrical map projection that was originally created to display accurate compass bearings for sea travel
robinson projection
map projection of a world map that shows the entire world at once. It was specifically created in an attempt to find a good compromise to the problem of readily showing the whole globe as a flat image.
peters projection
a world map projection in which areas are shown in correct proportion at the expense of distorted shape, using a rectangular decimal grid to replace latitude and longitude. MADE AFTER MERCATOR PROJECTION TO BE BETTER
