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Earth and Space Science > Semester 1 Final Exam Study Guide > Flashcards

Semester 1 Final Exam Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

How many mechanical layers of the earth are there?

A

6

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2
Q

The earth’s magnetic field protects the earth from what?

A

Solar radiation

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3
Q

The “supercontinent” proposed by the continental drift theory was called what?

A

Pangea

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4
Q

This event often happens when a dense oceanic plate converges with a less dense continental plate.

A

Subduction

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5
Q

Which layer is earth’s only liquid layer?

A

Outer core

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6
Q

When two tectonic plates are moving away from each other, the boundary is called what?

A

Divergent

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7
Q

Which layer of the earth generates the magnetic field?

A

Outer core

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8
Q

What natural phenomenon happens when the earth’s magnetic field is overloaded by solar radiation?

A

Aurora Borealis (the Northern Lights)

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9
Q

What is the point IN the earth where an earthquake occurs called?

A

Focus

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10
Q

What is often times the result of a continental convergent boundary?

A

Mountain ranges

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11
Q

What are fractures in the earth called?

A

Faults

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12
Q

What type of fault runs almost vertically through the surface and causes the blocks of the surface to move horizontally to each other?

A

Strike-slip

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13
Q

What is the place ON THE SURFACE directly above where an earthquake occurs called?

A

Epicenter

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14
Q

This type of boundary occurs where two tectonic plates move horizontally to each other.

A

Transform

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15
Q

Why did Mars cool off and lose its magnetic field?

A

It’s too small of a planet

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16
Q

Which layer of the earth is broken into the tectonic plates?

A

Lithosphere

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17
Q

Earthquakes release energy in the form of…

A

Waves

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18
Q

How are metamorphic rocks formed?

A

Heat and pressure under the earth’s surface

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19
Q

How are igneous rocks formed?

A

Cooling of magma or lava

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20
Q

How are sedimentary rocks formed?

A

Weathering and erosion combined with pressure

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21
Q

The surface of sedimentary rocks often contains the remains of dead organisms called…

A

Fossils

22
Q

When the surfaces of metamorphic rocks are FOLIATED, they have…

A

Ribbon-like layers

23
Q

What is the difference between magma and lava?

A

Magma is molten rock BELOW the earth’s surface, lava is molten rock ABOVE of the earth’s surface

24
Q

How is sedimentary rock turned into metamorphic rock?

A

Sedimentary rock is cemented and compacted by pressure, pushed down into the earth, and when heat is added to the pressure below the surface, it becomes a metamorphic rock

25
Q

What mineral is a 10 on the Mors scale?

A

Diamond

26
Q

Ionic bonds occur when one element does THIS with its electrons with another element

A

Gives up an electron

27
Q

Covalent bonds occur where two elements do THIS with their electrons

A

Share electrons

28
Q

What is precipitation?

A

When dissolved minerals come out of water

29
Q

How are silicates formed?

A

When magma cools and crystallizes

30
Q

Silicates are commonly used in what type of everyday product?

A

Technology

31
Q

This group is considered inorganic even though they contain carbon

A

Carbonates

32
Q

Marble and limestone belong to this mineral group

A

Carbonates

33
Q

This group makes up a majority of the earth’s crust

A

Oxides

34
Q

Magnetite belongs to this mineral group

A

Oxides

35
Q

All minerals in this group contain SO4 in their chemical formula

A

Sulfates

36
Q

Minerals in this group are often the product of hydrothermal vents

A

Sulfides

37
Q

Salts, including table salt are members of this mineral group

A

Halides

38
Q

Diamonds, and many precious metals are members of this mineral group

A

Native elements

39
Q

What is weathering?

A

Wearing away of a surface due to long-term exposure to air, precipitation, elements, etc

40
Q

This process determines the age of rocks by comparing the laters in which they were found

A

Relative dating

41
Q

This geologic dating method is based on the decay of isotopes

A

Radiometric dating

42
Q

What do we call any missing or eroded section of a rock layer?

A

Unconformity

43
Q

This law states that younger rock layers are deposited on older rock layers

A

Superposition

44
Q

This occurs when fossils found in similar rocks, found on different continents, are the same age

A

Correlation

45
Q

This law states that rock layers that break through another are young than the rock they break

A

Cross-cutting relationships

46
Q

This law states that all rock layers are naturally deposited flat

A

Original Horizontality

47
Q

When a fossil species is only found to have lived a “short” period of time and are found in only one rock layer, they are called ________ fossils.

A

Index fossils

48
Q

The amount of time it takes for a sample of radioactive material to become stable is called the element’s….

A

Half-life

49
Q

Fossils are most commonly found in which rock type?

A

Sedimentary

50
Q

What are two factors that promote the fossilization process?

A

Rapid burial and lack of oxygen

51
Q

What are the three basic rock types?

A

Igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary

52
Q

What is the Parent/Daughter ratio of a sample after four half lives?

A

1:15

Earth and Space Science (1 decks)

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