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Semester 1 Final- AP Biology Flashcards

1
Q

independent variable

A

A factor whose value is manipulated or changed during an experiment to reveal possible effects on another factor (dependent variable).

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2
Q

dependent variable

A

A factor whose value is measured during an experiment to see whether it is influenced by changes in another factor (independent variable).

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3
Q

experimental group

A

A set of subjects that has or receives the specific factor being tested in a controlled experiment.

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4
Q

controlled group

A

A set of subjects that lack or does not receive the specific factor being tested

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5
Q

controlled variables

A

The factors that stay the same for both the control and experimental group

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6
Q

Negative control

A

It should NOT give the expected outcome

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7
Q

Positive control

A

It SHOULD give the expected outcome

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8
Q

Why do you repeat an experiment many times?

A

In order to verify the accuracy of the results.

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9
Q

hypothesis

A

A testable explanation for a set of observations based on the available data and guided by inductive reasoning. A hypothesis is narrower in scope than a theory.

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10
Q

null hypothesis

A

states that there is no relation between two variables

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11
Q

research hypothesis

A

includes if/then experiment prediction along with the hypothesis

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12
Q

nondirectional hypothesis

A

one variable affects the other in some way but not specific as to what way

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13
Q

directional hypothesis

A

states the ‘direction’ of the relationship, specific as to how one variable affects the other.

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14
Q

generalizing hypothesis

A

describes a relationship between an independent and dependent variable

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15
Q

explanatory hypothesis

A

suggests a reason as to why a relationship between two variables exist

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16
Q

What are the 8 levels of biological classification?

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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17
Q

Why is biological organization significant?

A

Because as the levels change the organisms related through inheritance of traits or features from common ancestors also changes

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18
Q

What are the 3 Domains?

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

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19
Q

What are the 4 kingdoms of Eukarya?

A

Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of Protista

A

Single-celled
Some are autotrophic, some are heterotrophic

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21
Q

What are characteristics of Fungi?

A

Multicellular
Heterotrophic
Decomposer
Cell wall of chitin

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22
Q

What are characteristics of Plantae

A

Multicellular
Autotroph
Cell wall of cellulose

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23
Q

What are characteristics of Animalia

A

Multicellular
Heterotrophs
No cell wall

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24
Q

What are characteristics of the Domain Bacteria

A

Prokaryotic
Cell wall of peptidoglycan
Single-celled
circular chromies
one type of RNA
No nucleus

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25
What are characteristics of Domain Archaea
Prokaryotic Single-celled circular chromies many types of RNA no nucleus
26
What are characteristics of Domain Eukarya
Eukaryotic Can be sing-celled or multicellular many types of RNA nucleus, nuclear membrane, nuclear envelope
27
Homeostasis
The steady-state physiological condition of the body. Maintaining a stable internal environment.
28
Examples of homeostasis
Body Temperature Blood oxygen Blood Glucose Bone Calcium Body Water pH Blood pressure
29
natural selection
A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits
30
acquired traits cannot be ______.
inherited
31
mutation
A change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's DNA. It is the source of all heritable variation.
32
evolution
change over time in the genetic composition of a population
33
evidence that supports evolution
Anatomical Homologies Molecular/Genetic Similarity Fossils Biogeography
34
directional selection
one trait of the extremes is favored
35
disruptive selection
both sides of the extremes are favored
36
stabilizing selection
one trait is favored
37
allopatric speciation
The formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another. Gene flow is altered.
38
sympatric speciation
The formation of new species in populations that live in the same geographic area
39
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium's usefulness
Helps examine allele frequencies and recognize if a population is evolving
40
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
The frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population's gene pool remain constant over time
41
What are the five conditions of HW Equilibrium
No mutations Random mating No natural selection Extremely large population size No gene flow
42
HW Equation
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
43
exponential growth
newly introduced species with nearly unlimited resources. common of semelparitic species
44
logistic growth
includes exponential growth, carrying capacity, and stable equilibrium. common of iteroparity.
45
Parts of the exponential curve
rmax- maximum per capita rate of increase
46
Parts of the logistic curve
lag phase-->exponential growth-->deceleration-->r max: carrying capacity(stable equilibrium)
47
carrying capacity
K value: maximum population that the environment can sustain
48
Stage 1 Age Structure Graph
Lots of young people and no old people. Usually 3rd world countries.
49
Stage 2 Age Structure Graph
few old people and lots of young people. The death rate goes down and population grows.
50
Stage 3 Age Structure Graph
Stable and steady growing population. The USA and developed countries.
51
Stage 4 Age Structure Graph
Equal age distribution. Aging population.
52
Batesian mimicry
When a harmless species mimics a harmful one cause: natural selection advantages: avoidance from predators
53
What are the bonds in water?
Polar covalent; hydrogen
54
solubility
the ability to be dissolved
55
what compounds would be very soluble?
polar compounds ionic compounds
56
What compounds would NOT be as very soluble?
large compounds nonpolar compounds
57
polar covalent bond
A covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive.
58
nonpolar covalent bond
A type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity.
59
ionic bond
A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.
60
hydrogen bonds
A type of weak chemical bond that is formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule or in another region of the same molecule
61
What holds atoms together?
covalent bonds
62
hydroxyl
alcohol (-OH) polar
63
carbonyl
C=O Ketones Polar Aldehydes (C=O-H)
64
carboxyl
Polar acidic C=O-OH C=O-O
65
amino
Polar basic N-HH N-HHH
66
phosphate
O O-P-O O polar acidic
67
sulfhydryl
SH Polar -thiols disulfide bridge
68
polysaccharide
many monosaccharides
69
what are the monomers of polysaccarides
cellulose chitin glycogen starch
70
what is the structure and functions of polysaccarides in cells
structure: long chains of carbohydrate molecules function: energy source
71
what is the structure and function of triglycerides in cells
structure: CH bonds ester linkages function: energy storage
72
what are monomers of lipids
fat phospholipids steroids
73
saturated fat
solid at room temp no C-C bonds contribute to cardiovascular disease
74
unsaturated fat
liquid at room temp one or more C-C double bonds
75
what is the structure and function of phospholipids in cells
structure: glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group function: form a bilayer
76
what is the structure and function of steroids in cells
structure: 4 fused carbon rings function: cell membrane, sex hormones, bile
77
what is the structure and function of ATP in cells
78
what are the monomers of protein
amino acids
79
what are the properties of amino acid side chains
depending on the functional group they can be polar, nonpolar, hydrophobic, or hydrophilic
80
what are the four levels of protein structure
primary: secondary: tertiary: quaternary:
81
endosymbiosis theory
mitochondria and plastids were originally prokaryotic endoparasites that formed into symbiosis with their host
82
what are the membrane proteins
channel protein carrier protein integral proteins peripheral proteins
83
compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
prokaryotic: no nucleus, cell wall haploid, Ribosomes, binary fission eukaryotic: nucleus, cell membrane, diploid, Ribosomes, mitosis
84
nucleus
The organelle of a eukaryotic cell that contains the genetic material in the form of chromosomes, made up of chromatin.
85
nucleolus
A specialized structure in the nucleus, consisting of chromosomal regions containing ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes along with ribosomal proteins imported from the cytoplasm; site of rRNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly
86
choloroplast
An organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water.
87
mitochondria
An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration; uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP
88
golgi body
An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum and synthesize some products, notably noncellulose carbohydrates.
89
ribosomes
A complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of a large and a small subunit. In eukaryotic cells, each subunit is assembled in the nucleolus
90
lysosomes
A membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of animal cells and some protists
91
Smooth ER
That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes.
92
Rough ER
That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached.
93
Vacuole
A membrane-bounded vesicle whose specialized function varies in different kinds of cells.
94
Cytoskeleton
A network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that extend throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical, transport, and signaling functions.
95
cytoplasm
The contents of the cell bounded by the plasma membrane; in eukaryotes, the portion exclusive of the nucleus.
96
centriole
A structure in the centrosome of an animal cell composed of a cylinder of microtubule triplets arranged in a 9 + 0 pattern. A centrosome has a pair of centrioles.
97
cell wall
A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in the cells of plants, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists. Polysaccharides such as cellulose (in plants and some protists), chitin (in fungi), and peptidoglycan (in bacteria) are important structural components of cell walls
98
cell membrane
The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, regulating the cell’s chemical composition.
99
How does compartmentalization make metabolic pathways more efficient in eukaryotic cells
when each organelle has a specific function it makes the process easier
100
describe the relationship between the endomembrane system and protein trafficking
RNA, ribosomes, and the golgi body work together
101
Rank the ability of various particles to diffuse through the membrane
1. Hydrophobic Molecules: O2 and CO2 2. Small uncharged, polar molecules: H2O and glycerol 3. Large uncharged molecules: sucrose and glucose 4. Ions: K+ and Na+
102
Osmosis
diffusion of water
103
where does water move?
from high concentration(hypertonic) to low concentration(hypotonic)
104
diffusion
movement of particles through a membrane
105
What are the phases of mitosis?
Interphase Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis
106
What are the phases of the cell cycle?
G1 S G2 Mitosis

AP Biology (1 decks)

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