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AP Biology > Semester 1 Final- AP Biology > Flashcards

Semester 1 Final- AP Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

independent variable

A

A factor whose value is manipulated or changed during an experiment to reveal possible effects on another factor (dependent variable).

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2
Q

dependent variable

A

A factor whose value is measured during an experiment to see whether it is influenced by changes in another factor (independent variable).

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3
Q

experimental group

A

A set of subjects that has or receives the specific factor being tested in a controlled experiment.

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4
Q

controlled group

A

A set of subjects that lack or does not receive the specific factor being tested

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5
Q

controlled variables

A

The factors that stay the same for both the control and experimental group

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6
Q

Negative control

A

It should NOT give the expected outcome

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7
Q

Positive control

A

It SHOULD give the expected outcome

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8
Q

Why do you repeat an experiment many times?

A

In order to verify the accuracy of the results.

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9
Q

hypothesis

A

A testable explanation for a set of observations based on the available data and guided by inductive reasoning. A hypothesis is narrower in scope than a theory.

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10
Q

null hypothesis

A

states that there is no relation between two variables

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11
Q

research hypothesis

A

includes if/then experiment prediction along with the hypothesis

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12
Q

nondirectional hypothesis

A

one variable affects the other in some way but not specific as to what way

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13
Q

directional hypothesis

A

states the ‘direction’ of the relationship, specific as to how one variable affects the other.

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14
Q

generalizing hypothesis

A

describes a relationship between an independent and dependent variable

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15
Q

explanatory hypothesis

A

suggests a reason as to why a relationship between two variables exist

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16
Q

What are the 8 levels of biological classification?

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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17
Q

Why is biological organization significant?

A

Because as the levels change the organisms related through inheritance of traits or features from common ancestors also changes

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18
Q

What are the 3 Domains?

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

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19
Q

What are the 4 kingdoms of Eukarya?

A

Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of Protista

A

Single-celled
Some are autotrophic, some are heterotrophic

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21
Q

What are characteristics of Fungi?

A

Multicellular
Heterotrophic
Decomposer
Cell wall of chitin

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22
Q

What are characteristics of Plantae

A

Multicellular
Autotroph
Cell wall of cellulose

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23
Q

What are characteristics of Animalia

A

Multicellular
Heterotrophs
No cell wall

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24
Q

What are characteristics of the Domain Bacteria

A

Prokaryotic
Cell wall of peptidoglycan
Single-celled
circular chromies
one type of RNA
No nucleus

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25
Q

What are characteristics of Domain Archaea

A

Prokaryotic
Single-celled
circular chromies
many types of RNA
no nucleus

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26
Q

What are characteristics of Domain Eukarya

A

Eukaryotic
Can be sing-celled or multicellular
many types of RNA
nucleus, nuclear membrane, nuclear envelope

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27
Q

Homeostasis

A

The steady-state physiological condition of the body. Maintaining a stable internal environment.

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28
Q

Examples of homeostasis

A

Body Temperature
Blood oxygen
Blood Glucose
Bone Calcium
Body Water
pH
Blood pressure

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29
Q

natural selection

A

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits

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30
Q

acquired traits cannot be ______.

A

inherited

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31
Q

mutation

A

A change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism’s DNA. It is the source of all heritable variation.

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32
Q

evolution

A

change over time in the genetic composition of a population

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33
Q

evidence that supports evolution

A

Anatomical Homologies
Molecular/Genetic Similarity
Fossils
Biogeography

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34
Q

directional selection

A

one trait of the extremes is favored

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35
Q

disruptive selection

A

both sides of the extremes are favored

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36
Q

stabilizing selection

A

one trait is favored

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37
Q

allopatric speciation

A

The formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another. Gene flow is altered.

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38
Q

sympatric speciation

A

The formation of new species in populations that live in the same geographic area

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39
Q

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium’s usefulness

A

Helps examine allele frequencies and recognize if a population is evolving

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40
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

A

The frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population’s gene pool remain constant over time

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41
Q

What are the five conditions of HW Equilibrium

A

No mutations
Random mating
No natural selection
Extremely large population size
No gene flow

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42
Q

HW Equation

A

p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1

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43
Q

exponential growth

A

newly introduced species with nearly unlimited resources.
common of semelparitic species

44
Q

logistic growth

A

includes exponential growth, carrying capacity, and stable equilibrium. common of iteroparity.

45
Q

Parts of the exponential curve

A

rmax- maximum per capita rate of increase

46
Q

Parts of the logistic curve

A

lag phase–>exponential growth–>deceleration–>r max: carrying capacity(stable equilibrium)

47
Q

carrying capacity

A

K value: maximum population that the environment can sustain

48
Q

Stage 1 Age Structure Graph

A

Lots of young people and no old people. Usually 3rd world countries.

49
Q

Stage 2 Age Structure Graph

A

few old people and lots of young people. The death rate goes down and population grows.

50
Q

Stage 3 Age Structure Graph

A

Stable and steady growing population. The USA and developed countries.

51
Q

Stage 4 Age Structure Graph

A

Equal age distribution. Aging population.

52
Q

Batesian mimicry

A

When a harmless species mimics a harmful one
cause: natural selection
advantages: avoidance from predators

53
Q

What are the bonds in water?

A

Polar covalent; hydrogen

54
Q

solubility

A

the ability to be dissolved

55
Q

what compounds would be very soluble?

A

polar compounds
ionic compounds

56
Q

What compounds would NOT be as very soluble?

A

large compounds
nonpolar compounds

57
Q

polar covalent bond

A

A covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive.

58
Q

nonpolar covalent bond

A

A type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity.

59
Q

ionic bond

A

A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.

60
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

A type of weak chemical bond that is formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule or in another region of the same molecule

61
Q

What holds atoms together?

A

covalent bonds

62
Q

hydroxyl

A

alcohol (-OH)
polar

63
Q

carbonyl

A

C=O
Ketones
Polar
Aldehydes (C=O-H)

64
Q

carboxyl

A

Polar
acidic
C=O-OH
C=O-O

65
Q

amino

A

Polar
basic
N-HH
N-HHH

66
Q

phosphate

A

O
O-P-O
O
polar
acidic

67
Q

sulfhydryl

A

SH
Polar
-thiols
disulfide bridge

68
Q

polysaccharide

A

many monosaccharides

69
Q

what are the monomers of polysaccarides

A

cellulose
chitin
glycogen
starch

70
Q

what is the structure and functions of polysaccarides in cells

A

structure: long chains of carbohydrate molecules
function: energy source

71
Q

what is the structure and function of triglycerides in cells

A

structure: CH bonds ester linkages
function: energy storage

72
Q

what are monomers of lipids

A

fat
phospholipids
steroids

73
Q

saturated fat

A

solid at room temp
no C-C bonds
contribute to cardiovascular disease

74
Q

unsaturated fat

A

liquid at room temp
one or more C-C double bonds

75
Q

what is the structure and function of phospholipids in cells

A

structure: glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group
function: form a bilayer

76
Q

what is the structure and function of steroids in cells

A

structure: 4 fused carbon rings
function: cell membrane, sex hormones, bile

77
Q

what is the structure and function of ATP in cells

A
78
Q

what are the monomers of protein

A

amino acids

79
Q

what are the properties of amino acid side chains

A

depending on the functional group they can be polar, nonpolar, hydrophobic, or hydrophilic

80
Q

what are the four levels of protein structure

A

primary:
secondary:
tertiary:
quaternary:

81
Q

endosymbiosis theory

A

mitochondria and plastids were originally prokaryotic endoparasites that formed into symbiosis with their host

82
Q

what are the membrane proteins

A

channel protein
carrier protein
integral proteins
peripheral proteins

83
Q

compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

prokaryotic: no nucleus, cell wall haploid, Ribosomes, binary fission

eukaryotic: nucleus, cell membrane, diploid, Ribosomes, mitosis

84
Q

nucleus

A

The organelle of a eukaryotic cell that contains the genetic material in the form of chromosomes, made up of chromatin.

85
Q

nucleolus

A

A specialized structure in the nucleus, consisting of chromosomal regions containing ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes along with ribosomal proteins imported from the cytoplasm; site of rRNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly

86
Q

choloroplast

A

An organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water.

87
Q

mitochondria

A

An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration; uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP

88
Q

golgi body

A

An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum and synthesize some products, notably noncellulose carbohydrates.

89
Q

ribosomes

A

A complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of a large and a small subunit. In eukaryotic cells, each subunit is assembled in the nucleolus

90
Q

lysosomes

A

A membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of animal cells and some protists

91
Q

Smooth ER

A

That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes.

92
Q

Rough ER

A

That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached.

93
Q

Vacuole

A

A membrane-bounded vesicle whose specialized function varies in different kinds of cells.

94
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

A network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that extend throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical, transport, and signaling functions.

95
Q

cytoplasm

A

The contents of the cell bounded by the plasma membrane; in eukaryotes, the portion exclusive of the nucleus.

96
Q

centriole

A

A structure in the centrosome of an animal cell composed of a cylinder of microtubule triplets arranged in a 9 + 0 pattern. A centrosome has a pair of centrioles.

97
Q

cell wall

A

A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in the cells of plants, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists. Polysaccharides such as cellulose (in plants and some protists), chitin (in fungi), and peptidoglycan (in bacteria) are important structural components of cell walls

98
Q

cell membrane

A

The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, regulating the cell’s chemical composition.

99
Q

How does compartmentalization make metabolic pathways more efficient in eukaryotic cells

A

when each organelle has a specific function it makes the process easier

100
Q

describe the relationship between the endomembrane system and protein trafficking

A

RNA, ribosomes, and the golgi body work together

101
Q

Rank the ability of various particles to diffuse through the membrane

A
  1. Hydrophobic Molecules: O2 and CO2
  2. Small uncharged, polar molecules: H2O and glycerol
  3. Large uncharged molecules: sucrose and glucose
  4. Ions: K+ and Na+
102
Q

Osmosis

A

diffusion of water

103
Q

where does water move?

A

from high concentration(hypertonic) to low concentration(hypotonic)

104
Q

diffusion

A

movement of particles through a membrane

105
Q

What are the phases of mitosis?

A

Interphase
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis

106
Q

What are the phases of the cell cycle?

A

G1
S
G2
Mitosis

AP Biology (1 decks)

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