semester 1 final Flashcards
the thing from which everything else comes (also called prime reality)
ultimate reality
a personal god created the world and acts in it
theism
god made the world but doesnt intervene in it
deism
matter is the ultimate reality (also called naturalism)
materialism
the forces and stuff of nature are god; god and the universe are one
pantheism
reasoning from effect back to cause
abductive reasoning
recent group of authors who call themselves anti-theists
new atheism
understandable; product of a rational mind
intelligible
the universe was designed by god
god hypothesis
the science of the origin and development of the universe
cosmology
having a limited existence; not always here
finite
matter and energy are everything and have existed forever
materialism
discoverer of the universe’s expansion
hubble
the universe’s beginning; it has not always existed
big bang
effect on wavelength of receding objects
redshift
how is a worldview a type of faith?
because a worldview is a belief, and faith is believing in something
does faith assume that you have no evidence for believing what you do? explain
Faith does not assume that because faith can have reasons and it can be based on something factual
what is the most important question that a persons worldview answers
what is the prime reality
what is the thing from which everything else comes
what worldview do most athiests hold?
according to this worldview, where does all matter in the universe come from?
materialism
the matter has always been there, it never had a beginning
which worldvie was held by most of the founders of modern science including kepler, galileo, and newton
theism
which major worldview is represented in the movie star wars
pantheism
how can abductive reasoning help us to determine the origin of the universe
abductive reasoning from effect back to cause. we can use the effects we know to find the cause of the universe
the 19th century saw a dramatic move away from theism toward udirected evolution- was this the result of scientific discovery or the personal philosophy of many scientists? explain
personal philosophy, because some people didnt want to believe there wa someone in control of them, so they pushed the idea of evolution
in the 1920’s, what did edwin hubble discover about the universe
he discovered that the universe had a beginning, the expanding universe
what theory arose from this discovery
the big bang theory
how did the big bang theory support the biblical claim that in the beginning, god created the heavens and the earth?
it supports that matter had a beginning, that the universe had a beginning
what does the god hypothesis (theistic) include that the big bang theory does not
that the uiverse was created by god, not a big bang
redshift, and hawkings solutions to the field equations of general relativity which suggest a beginning point to both time and space
is this evidence for or against
creatio ex nihilio
for
theres not enough mass in the currently expanding universe to cause a gravitational recollapse; besides the expansion is accelerating, not slowing…
is this for or against
the oscillating universe theory
against
the discovery of background radiation: remnant energy coming from hot, super-condensed matter- energy that would not be present if this theory were true
is this for or against
the steady state theory
against
the act of reaching a conclusion about something from known factss or evidence
inference
every physical parameter set just right to make the galaxies and life possible
fine tuning
universe collapsing inward if its expansion rate were sloer
big crunch
fine tuned for human life
anthropic fine tuning evidences
fine tuning is no surprise since we wouldnt be here otherwise
weak anthropic principle
our universe is the outcome of a cosmic lottery
many worlds hypthesis
how you get from simple life forms to complex
darwins theory of evolution
biological evolution
how you get from non living chemicals to the first living organism
chemical evolution
hypothetical contents of a living cell- the goo inside the globule idea
protoplasm
imaginary ocean of amino acids at earths beginning
prebiotic soup
fuction dependent on the arranngement of the parts
sequence specificity
deoxyribonucleic acid; a molecule which stores and transmits hereditary information within the cell
dna
desirable traits in the chemicals of the prebiotic soup were selected and pased on to create the digital code (DNA)
prebiotic natural selection hypothesis
molecular forces of attraction created the digital code (DNA)
self organization hypothesis
what is the most compelling evidence for the intelligent design of the universe
the fine tuning of the laws of physics and chemistry
ho man conditions in the uinverse must be just right in order for human life to exist? what are some of these conditions
35 conditions, the expansion rate/ gravity
what evidences lead us to infer that something has been designed
- a highly improbable event
2. a pattern or fuctional outcome
in cosmology, 2 hypotheses have been suggested to counter the idea of intelligent design. the weak anthropic prinicple and the many wrld hypothesis
what is wrong wth these
WAP: it doesnt explain why the necessary conditions of life and the are so finely tuned, what caused these conditions?
MWH: who or what is generating these universes?
there is is no evidence of other universes
describe intelligent design and darwinism
intelligent design: they look designed because they are
darwinism: look designed but they arent
what are the 2 parts of the evolutionary theory
biological and chemical
in darwins day, what did scientists think about the makeup of a cell
a simple globule of protoplasm
what is the fucntion of DNA within the cell?
it directs the making of proteins in the cell
give an example of something that is sequence specific
words, recipes, locker combos
what is the only source of specified and fucntional info in human experience
minds/intelligence
what does bill gates compare to dna
a software program
what are the odd that a single functional protein could come together by random chance
1 in 10 to the power of 164
about how many proteins does it take to make up the simplest single cell organism
about 250-400
why are serious scientists no longer thinking that life began by chance
the odds for it are nearly impossible
in biology, there are 2 counter arguments to the intelligent design hypothesis, prebiotic natural selection hypothesis, and the self organization hypothesis. what are problems with these?
PNSH: its not alive
SOH: forces of attraction do not explain info needed to explain life
if something has the appearance of design, what do we naturally conclude?
intelligence made it
what 20th century discovery has made materialist scientists uanble to explain the origin of life?
info in the cell
why is the intelligent design hypothesis not an option for man scientists?
scientists dont consider it a part of science
what should be the most important rule of science
follow the evidence wherever it leads
dna sections that do no do anything, but which are now known to fuction like an operating system within a computer
junk dna
only materialistic theories allowed
methodological naturalism
evidence in the fossil record of the sudden appearance of major forms of life
cambrian explosion
one of the 3 greatest physicists of all time ( with newton and einstein) also a theist
maxwell
prominent philosopher who gave up atheism in light of modern scientific discoveries
anthony flew
discovered dna structure
watson and crick
discovered the expanding universe
hubble
baesd on facts rather than feelings or opinions
objective
baesd on feelings or opionions rather than facts
subjective
beliefs about what is right behavior and what is wong behavior
morality
the study of ideas about knowledge, truth, the nature and meaning of life
philosophy
a branch of philosophy dealing with what is morally right or wrong
ethics
morality stems from god character and how he designed human beings to fucntion best
virtue ethics
no objective standard of morality; only personal preferences
relativism
moral sentiments evolved to promote human survival and reproductive success
evolutionary ethics
what evidence do we have in the fossil record that disproves darwin idea of gradual evolution
the sudden appearance of all the new body plans and animals
what are the 3 key condition for an objective morality
objective standardm human free will, intrinsic value of humans over other life forms
describe vitrue ethics
a reflection of gods design and his love for his people
what does the materialist believe about morality
there is no right or wrong (standard)
what do materialists think of human free will?
no free will, we are totally determined by genes/environment/history
to a materialist, what is just as valuable as human life
any life form
describe the philosophy of moral relativism
no objective ethical norms, no objective standards, merely express personal preferences
what is the problem wth relativism
no real ethical disagreements, no ethical errors, implies that progress in ethics is impossible
what can you not do if you are a moral relativist?
cant accuse, cant blame, cant complain, cant accept praise, etc
how do the action of all people reveal that they truly do believe in objective moral standards
double standard
hypocrite
taking something from someone, then getting mad for someone else taking something from you
describe evolutionary ethics. whats the problem wth this idea
evolutionary instincts that keep us alive
it doesnt explain why we value sacrifices, doesnt tell us which instincts to follow
what is the only logical explanation for the existence of an objective moral code
god
researching the author/source and purpose of biblical texts
higher criticism
many authors wrote the first 5 book of the bible
documentary hypothesis
an act of god; something not explainable by natural laws
miracle
the period of israels history dominated by abraham, isaac, jacob, and joseph
patriarchal
when a storys details help pinpoint its actual historical setting
situates
when something doesnt seem to belong to the time period it has been assigned to
anachronism
biblical narrtives have no historical basis ( all fiction)
biblical nihilism
biblical narratives, though loosely baesd on real people or events, are mostly fiction
biblical minimalism
a conclusion baesd on the lack of contrary evidence
argument from silence
detailed match betwen the biblical and archaelogical record
specificity
egypts nile delta area where the israelites settled after josephs time
goshen
marauding tribes in the middle east- possibly referrring to the ebrew people (israelites)
habiru
the promised land of the israelites
canaan
first city that the israelites conquered after crossing the jordan river
jericho
archaelogist who claimed that jericho is desttroyed much earlier than the bible says
kenyon
large dung beetle regarded as sacred in ancient egypt
scarab
type of pottery imported from cyrpus and used by the wealthy in the 15th century BC
cypriot
what are the 3 tests used to determine the reliability of a historical document? what question does each attempt to answer?
bibliographical: is the teext w have the same as the original?
internal evidence: is the original written record credible
external evidence: is the content of the document supported by other sources
what motivation did the jews have to accurately copying scripture
- it was the word of god
- god entrusted them with its preservation
- they had been commanded by god not to change it
what 20th century discovery proved that the OT had been accurately copied over the last 2000 years
dead sea scrolls
when was it determined that the book of isaiah was written?
125 BC
what do the writers of the OT scriptures claim about the source of their writing
that they are speaking for God
what evidence do we have to support the claim made by the writers of the OT that they were truly speaking for god
- unity of the bible
2. fulfilled prophecy
something you assume to be true
presupposition
if the 1st big question a man must answer is where did it all come from, what is big question #2?
is the bible reliable?
who is god?
how do materialists view the bible, and why?
if there is no god, there are no miracles, then the bible wouldnt truly be historical if there are miracles
explain wellhausens documentary hypothesis and his reasons for it
he claimed that the torah wasnt reliable because of its lack of external evidence, different names of god, and the miracles in the bible
what are some of the precise detail given in the biblical text which situate it in the middle bronze age
covenants
social customs
slave prices in law codes
personal names
what and where is tel el daba
its an archaelogical dig in the location of ancient goshen in egypt
describe 2 archaelogical discoveries that provide evidence for the presence of israel in egypt
israelite houses- because of the four room house plan discovered
brooklyn papyrus- egyptian household record listing 77 slaves by name; man are hebrew names
describe 2 archaelogical discoveries that provide evidence for the presence of israel in canaan
amarna letters- document referring to raids and conquest of several canaanite cities by the habyru
merenptah stele- records an attack on area in canaan by pharoah merenptah
describe the archaelogical evidence we have for the israelites 40 years of wilderness wandering
egyptian temple inscription
- mentions “ta shasu yahweh”
according to the bible, why did god command his people to wipe out the people of canaan
idolotry and child sacrifice
what archaelogical evidence has been found which supports the biblical account of the destruction of jericho
grain stores werent plundered, city was destroyed by fire, attack was after the spring harvest, walls were fortified, and the walls fell outward forming a ramp
what 2 archaelogical discoveries situate jerichos fall around the biblical date of 1400 bc
scarabs and cypriot pottery
1 peter 3:15
in your hearts honor christ the lord as holy, always being prepared to make a defense to anyone who asks you for a reason for the hope that is in you yet do it with gentleness and respect
romans 1:20
for since the creation of the world gods invisible qualities- his eternal power and divine nature have been clearly seen, being understood from what ha been made so that men are without excuse
isaiah 45:18
for this is what the lord says-
he who created the heavens, he is god:
he who fashioned and made the earth, he founded it.
he did not create it to be empty, but formed it to be inhabited.
he says:
i am the lord and there is no other.
psalm 19:1-2
the heavens declare the glory of god; the skies proclaim the work of his hands. day after day they porth forth speech, night after night they reveal knowledge.
peter 1:20-21
above all, you must udnerstand that no prophecy of scripture came about by the prophets own interpretation of things. for prophecy never had its origin in the human will, but prophets, though human, spoke from god as they were carried along by the holy spirit.
