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apologetics- bible reliability > semester 1 final > Flashcards

semester 1 final Flashcards

1
Q

the thing from which everything else comes (also called prime reality)

A

ultimate reality

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2
Q

a personal god created the world and acts in it

A

theism

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3
Q

god made the world but doesnt intervene in it

A

deism

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4
Q

matter is the ultimate reality (also called naturalism)

A

materialism

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5
Q

the forces and stuff of nature are god; god and the universe are one

A

pantheism

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6
Q

reasoning from effect back to cause

A

abductive reasoning

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7
Q

recent group of authors who call themselves anti-theists

A

new atheism

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8
Q

understandable; product of a rational mind

A

intelligible

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9
Q

the universe was designed by god

A

god hypothesis

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10
Q

the science of the origin and development of the universe

A

cosmology

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11
Q

having a limited existence; not always here

A

finite

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12
Q

matter and energy are everything and have existed forever

A

materialism

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13
Q

discoverer of the universe’s expansion

A

hubble

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14
Q

the universe’s beginning; it has not always existed

A

big bang

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15
Q

effect on wavelength of receding objects

A

redshift

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16
Q

how is a worldview a type of faith?

A

because a worldview is a belief, and faith is believing in something

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17
Q

does faith assume that you have no evidence for believing what you do? explain

A

Faith does not assume that because faith can have reasons and it can be based on something factual

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18
Q

what is the most important question that a persons worldview answers

A

what is the prime reality

what is the thing from which everything else comes

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19
Q

what worldview do most athiests hold?

according to this worldview, where does all matter in the universe come from?

A

materialism

the matter has always been there, it never had a beginning

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20
Q

which worldvie was held by most of the founders of modern science including kepler, galileo, and newton

A

theism

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21
Q

which major worldview is represented in the movie star wars

A

pantheism

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22
Q

how can abductive reasoning help us to determine the origin of the universe

A

abductive reasoning from effect back to cause. we can use the effects we know to find the cause of the universe

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23
Q

the 19th century saw a dramatic move away from theism toward udirected evolution- was this the result of scientific discovery or the personal philosophy of many scientists? explain

A

personal philosophy, because some people didnt want to believe there wa someone in control of them, so they pushed the idea of evolution

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24
Q

in the 1920’s, what did edwin hubble discover about the universe

A

he discovered that the universe had a beginning, the expanding universe

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25
Q

what theory arose from this discovery

A

the big bang theory

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26
Q

how did the big bang theory support the biblical claim that in the beginning, god created the heavens and the earth?

A

it supports that matter had a beginning, that the universe had a beginning

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27
Q

what does the god hypothesis (theistic) include that the big bang theory does not

A

that the uiverse was created by god, not a big bang

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28
Q

redshift, and hawkings solutions to the field equations of general relativity which suggest a beginning point to both time and space

is this evidence for or against

A

creatio ex nihilio

for

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29
Q

theres not enough mass in the currently expanding universe to cause a gravitational recollapse; besides the expansion is accelerating, not slowing…

is this for or against

A

the oscillating universe theory

against

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30
Q

the discovery of background radiation: remnant energy coming from hot, super-condensed matter- energy that would not be present if this theory were true

is this for or against

A

the steady state theory

against

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31
Q

the act of reaching a conclusion about something from known factss or evidence

A

inference

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32
Q

every physical parameter set just right to make the galaxies and life possible

A

fine tuning

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33
Q

universe collapsing inward if its expansion rate were sloer

A

big crunch

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34
Q

fine tuned for human life

A

anthropic fine tuning evidences

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35
Q

fine tuning is no surprise since we wouldnt be here otherwise

A

weak anthropic principle

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36
Q

our universe is the outcome of a cosmic lottery

A

many worlds hypthesis

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37
Q

how you get from simple life forms to complex

darwins theory of evolution

A

biological evolution

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38
Q

how you get from non living chemicals to the first living organism

A

chemical evolution

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39
Q

hypothetical contents of a living cell- the goo inside the globule idea

A

protoplasm

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40
Q

imaginary ocean of amino acids at earths beginning

A

prebiotic soup

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41
Q

fuction dependent on the arranngement of the parts

A

sequence specificity

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42
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid; a molecule which stores and transmits hereditary information within the cell

A

dna

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43
Q

desirable traits in the chemicals of the prebiotic soup were selected and pased on to create the digital code (DNA)

A

prebiotic natural selection hypothesis

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44
Q

molecular forces of attraction created the digital code (DNA)

A

self organization hypothesis

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45
Q

what is the most compelling evidence for the intelligent design of the universe

A

the fine tuning of the laws of physics and chemistry

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46
Q

ho man conditions in the uinverse must be just right in order for human life to exist? what are some of these conditions

A

35 conditions, the expansion rate/ gravity

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47
Q

what evidences lead us to infer that something has been designed

A
  1. a highly improbable event

2. a pattern or fuctional outcome

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48
Q

in cosmology, 2 hypotheses have been suggested to counter the idea of intelligent design. the weak anthropic prinicple and the many wrld hypothesis
what is wrong wth these

A

WAP: it doesnt explain why the necessary conditions of life and the are so finely tuned, what caused these conditions?
MWH: who or what is generating these universes?
there is is no evidence of other universes

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49
Q

describe intelligent design and darwinism

A

intelligent design: they look designed because they are

darwinism: look designed but they arent

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50
Q

what are the 2 parts of the evolutionary theory

A

biological and chemical

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51
Q

in darwins day, what did scientists think about the makeup of a cell

A

a simple globule of protoplasm

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52
Q

what is the fucntion of DNA within the cell?

A

it directs the making of proteins in the cell

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53
Q

give an example of something that is sequence specific

A

words, recipes, locker combos

54
Q

what is the only source of specified and fucntional info in human experience

A

minds/intelligence

55
Q

what does bill gates compare to dna

A

a software program

56
Q

what are the odd that a single functional protein could come together by random chance

A

1 in 10 to the power of 164

57
Q

about how many proteins does it take to make up the simplest single cell organism

A

about 250-400

58
Q

why are serious scientists no longer thinking that life began by chance

A

the odds for it are nearly impossible

59
Q

in biology, there are 2 counter arguments to the intelligent design hypothesis, prebiotic natural selection hypothesis, and the self organization hypothesis. what are problems with these?

A

PNSH: its not alive
SOH: forces of attraction do not explain info needed to explain life

60
Q

if something has the appearance of design, what do we naturally conclude?

A

intelligence made it

61
Q

what 20th century discovery has made materialist scientists uanble to explain the origin of life?

A

info in the cell

62
Q

why is the intelligent design hypothesis not an option for man scientists?

A

scientists dont consider it a part of science

63
Q

what should be the most important rule of science

A

follow the evidence wherever it leads

64
Q

dna sections that do no do anything, but which are now known to fuction like an operating system within a computer

A

junk dna

65
Q

only materialistic theories allowed

A

methodological naturalism

66
Q

evidence in the fossil record of the sudden appearance of major forms of life

A

cambrian explosion

67
Q

one of the 3 greatest physicists of all time ( with newton and einstein) also a theist

A

maxwell

68
Q

prominent philosopher who gave up atheism in light of modern scientific discoveries

A

anthony flew

69
Q

discovered dna structure

A

watson and crick

70
Q

discovered the expanding universe

A

hubble

71
Q

baesd on facts rather than feelings or opinions

A

objective

72
Q

baesd on feelings or opionions rather than facts

A

subjective

73
Q

beliefs about what is right behavior and what is wong behavior

A

morality

74
Q

the study of ideas about knowledge, truth, the nature and meaning of life

A

philosophy

75
Q

a branch of philosophy dealing with what is morally right or wrong

A

ethics

76
Q

morality stems from god character and how he designed human beings to fucntion best

A

virtue ethics

77
Q

no objective standard of morality; only personal preferences

A

relativism

78
Q

moral sentiments evolved to promote human survival and reproductive success

A

evolutionary ethics

79
Q

what evidence do we have in the fossil record that disproves darwin idea of gradual evolution

A

the sudden appearance of all the new body plans and animals

80
Q

what are the 3 key condition for an objective morality

A

objective standardm human free will, intrinsic value of humans over other life forms

81
Q

describe vitrue ethics

A

a reflection of gods design and his love for his people

82
Q

what does the materialist believe about morality

A

there is no right or wrong (standard)

83
Q

what do materialists think of human free will?

A

no free will, we are totally determined by genes/environment/history

84
Q

to a materialist, what is just as valuable as human life

A

any life form

85
Q

describe the philosophy of moral relativism

A

no objective ethical norms, no objective standards, merely express personal preferences

86
Q

what is the problem wth relativism

A

no real ethical disagreements, no ethical errors, implies that progress in ethics is impossible

87
Q

what can you not do if you are a moral relativist?

A

cant accuse, cant blame, cant complain, cant accept praise, etc

88
Q

how do the action of all people reveal that they truly do believe in objective moral standards

A

double standard
hypocrite
taking something from someone, then getting mad for someone else taking something from you

89
Q

describe evolutionary ethics. whats the problem wth this idea

A

evolutionary instincts that keep us alive

it doesnt explain why we value sacrifices, doesnt tell us which instincts to follow

90
Q

what is the only logical explanation for the existence of an objective moral code

A

god

91
Q

researching the author/source and purpose of biblical texts

A

higher criticism

92
Q

many authors wrote the first 5 book of the bible

A

documentary hypothesis

93
Q

an act of god; something not explainable by natural laws

A

miracle

94
Q

the period of israels history dominated by abraham, isaac, jacob, and joseph

A

patriarchal

95
Q

when a storys details help pinpoint its actual historical setting

A

situates

96
Q

when something doesnt seem to belong to the time period it has been assigned to

A

anachronism

97
Q

biblical narrtives have no historical basis ( all fiction)

A

biblical nihilism

98
Q

biblical narratives, though loosely baesd on real people or events, are mostly fiction

A

biblical minimalism

99
Q

a conclusion baesd on the lack of contrary evidence

A

argument from silence

100
Q

detailed match betwen the biblical and archaelogical record

A

specificity

101
Q

egypts nile delta area where the israelites settled after josephs time

A

goshen

102
Q

marauding tribes in the middle east- possibly referrring to the ebrew people (israelites)

A

habiru

103
Q

the promised land of the israelites

A

canaan

104
Q

first city that the israelites conquered after crossing the jordan river

A

jericho

105
Q

archaelogist who claimed that jericho is desttroyed much earlier than the bible says

A

kenyon

106
Q

large dung beetle regarded as sacred in ancient egypt

A

scarab

107
Q

type of pottery imported from cyrpus and used by the wealthy in the 15th century BC

A

cypriot

108
Q

what are the 3 tests used to determine the reliability of a historical document? what question does each attempt to answer?

A

bibliographical: is the teext w have the same as the original?
internal evidence: is the original written record credible
external evidence: is the content of the document supported by other sources

109
Q

what motivation did the jews have to accurately copying scripture

A
  1. it was the word of god
  2. god entrusted them with its preservation
  3. they had been commanded by god not to change it
110
Q

what 20th century discovery proved that the OT had been accurately copied over the last 2000 years

A

dead sea scrolls

111
Q

when was it determined that the book of isaiah was written?

A

125 BC

112
Q

what do the writers of the OT scriptures claim about the source of their writing

A

that they are speaking for God

113
Q

what evidence do we have to support the claim made by the writers of the OT that they were truly speaking for god

A
  1. unity of the bible

2. fulfilled prophecy

114
Q

something you assume to be true

A

presupposition

115
Q

if the 1st big question a man must answer is where did it all come from, what is big question #2?

A

is the bible reliable?

who is god?

116
Q

how do materialists view the bible, and why?

A

if there is no god, there are no miracles, then the bible wouldnt truly be historical if there are miracles

117
Q

explain wellhausens documentary hypothesis and his reasons for it

A

he claimed that the torah wasnt reliable because of its lack of external evidence, different names of god, and the miracles in the bible

118
Q

what are some of the precise detail given in the biblical text which situate it in the middle bronze age

A

covenants
social customs
slave prices in law codes
personal names

119
Q

what and where is tel el daba

A

its an archaelogical dig in the location of ancient goshen in egypt

119
Q

describe 2 archaelogical discoveries that provide evidence for the presence of israel in egypt

A

israelite houses- because of the four room house plan discovered
brooklyn papyrus- egyptian household record listing 77 slaves by name; man are hebrew names

120
Q

describe 2 archaelogical discoveries that provide evidence for the presence of israel in canaan

A

amarna letters- document referring to raids and conquest of several canaanite cities by the habyru
merenptah stele- records an attack on area in canaan by pharoah merenptah

121
Q

describe the archaelogical evidence we have for the israelites 40 years of wilderness wandering

A

egyptian temple inscription

- mentions “ta shasu yahweh”

122
Q

according to the bible, why did god command his people to wipe out the people of canaan

A

idolotry and child sacrifice

123
Q

what archaelogical evidence has been found which supports the biblical account of the destruction of jericho

A

grain stores werent plundered, city was destroyed by fire, attack was after the spring harvest, walls were fortified, and the walls fell outward forming a ramp

124
Q

what 2 archaelogical discoveries situate jerichos fall around the biblical date of 1400 bc

A

scarabs and cypriot pottery

125
Q

1 peter 3:15

A

in your hearts honor christ the lord as holy, always being prepared to make a defense to anyone who asks you for a reason for the hope that is in you yet do it with gentleness and respect

126
Q

romans 1:20

A

for since the creation of the world gods invisible qualities- his eternal power and divine nature have been clearly seen, being understood from what ha been made so that men are without excuse

127
Q

isaiah 45:18

A

for this is what the lord says-
he who created the heavens, he is god:
he who fashioned and made the earth, he founded it.
he did not create it to be empty, but formed it to be inhabited.
he says:
i am the lord and there is no other.

128
Q

psalm 19:1-2

A

the heavens declare the glory of god; the skies proclaim the work of his hands. day after day they porth forth speech, night after night they reveal knowledge.

129
Q

peter 1:20-21

A

above all, you must udnerstand that no prophecy of scripture came about by the prophets own interpretation of things. for prophecy never had its origin in the human will, but prophets, though human, spoke from god as they were carried along by the holy spirit.

apologetics- bible reliability (3 decks)

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