semester 1 final Flashcards
1
Q
Columbus
A
- took advantage and slaughtered Indians
- tried to find trade route through Asia but instead discovered America and West Indies
- first arrived in the Bahamas
2
Q
Native American deaths
A
- disease
- settler and new diseases they brought
- primitively weapons
3
Q
London Company
A
- Supplied 3 ships with 100 men to discover America
- they settled in Plymouth and Jamestown
4
Q
Jamestown success
A
- Est. tobacco and other new cash crops
- first permanent settlers in the Americas
- learned about new plants and animals
5
Q
Founding of the various New England colonies
A
- Maine, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, shipbuilding was prominent
- few African Americans, good climate
- theocracy-gov.and church are intertwined, schools, Churches and Economic Equality
6
Q
Differences between New England, Middle and Southern colonies
A
- New England: good climate, economic equality, small scale farming, well-populated
- Middle Colonies: staple crops, average amount of slaves, diverse religious tolerance, variety of opportunities
- Southern Colonies: maj. of population African American, little economic equality, could not sustain schools or Churches, people who paid to bring servants over got land or rewards
7
Q
indentured servants
A
- Servants who had to work for certain amount of time in order to gain freedom after being brought over to Americas’,
- most never gained their freedom and were treated like slaves
- people who paid to bring the servants over got land rewards
8
Q
Georgia as colony
A
- Royal charter colony
- had economy much like South Carolina
- based off cash crops, tobacco and slavery
- founded by James Oglethorpe in 1732
- prevented Florida from expanding
9
Q
New England Women
A
- stayed at home
- educated children
- no economic opportunity
- could not own property but could inherit estate of their husband
10
Q
Halfway Covenant
A
Limited church membership for non sinners that were willing to accept the provisions of the church communion and say in church were limited for full members
11
Q
colonial New England Economy
A
Mercantilism
- New England was more populated and exported raw materials from England, imported manufactured good to England, 1696- new board of trade came to be which nominated colonial governors and other high officials
12
Q
mercantilism
A
policy that colonies exist for the benefit of the mother colony (Britain), gold and silver to the new world.
13
Q
Great Awakening
A
- Began in middle colonies
- a period of time in 1740s where great surges of religious enthusiasm became present
- undermined British concepts of authority
- sparked questions of government
14
Q
British-American issues in 1763
A
- French and Indian war- new colonies did not want to pay reparations, declaratory act, stamp act, tea act, coercive acts, proclamation of 1763- drew line by Appalachian mountains dividing west from the rest of the colonies, — - – Boston massacre
- Virtual Representation: No taxation without representation, colonists wanted representation in government and British would not give them any, Boston massacre
15
Q
virtual representation
A
- No taxation without representation
- colonists wanted representation in government and British would not give them any
- Boston massacre
16
Q
Stamp Act
A
- Placed stiff taxes on all paper goods
- people stopped selling and buying newspapers and other paper goods
17
Q
Tea Act
A
British East Indian trade company held monopoly over all trade in America but was corrupt
18
Q
First Continental Congress
A
- Mass. called for a meeting of all delegates from the colonies to consider a common action discussing taxation without representation and tyranny
- passed declaration of grievances, formed organization to boycott British goods
19
Q
Common Sense
A
- Book written by thomas Paine
- called for complete independence and attacked King George III and the monarchy itself
20
Q
American allies in the Revolution
A
French
21
Q
Articles of Confederation
A
- Document that acted as constitution prior to the official US constitution
- colonists wanted changes to be done to it and then revolution began
- gave illegal basis for the authority of continental congress - limited national power
22
Q
Slavery during the Revolution-
A
- stayed within the South
- wasn’t brought up in the constitution because south was getting angry.
23
Q
Northwest Ordinance 1787
A
established governments for the west and dealt with the land in west by putting it into districts
24
Q
British in the Northwest Territory
A
- couldn’t maintain the west because of frontier settlers temper
- settlers appointed governors that could overrule British authority
25
Shays’ Rebellion
- Massachusetts. Armed rebellion against the unfair economic injustices.
- Led by Revolutionary War veteran Daniel Shay
An attempt to capture the United States weapons Arsenal. - Although they were defeated, it sparked serious discussion about social injustice.
26
Anti-Federalists
often small farmers,
people of free choice rather than power, more important than power and who held the power, when the amendments that reserved all unmentioned power to the states and garunteed civil liberties of the people there opposition went away
27
Report on Public Credit `
Hamilton payed off the continental dollars and payed off the confederate debts. He made debt an asset
28
Loose interpretation
believed that the document permitted everything that it did not mention
29
Whiskey Rebellion
Never happened, Washington raised 14,000 militia men, Ohio country, first taxes imposed on domestic products, people did not agree with the taxing, feds wanted it to help national debt
30
Farewell Address
washingtons farewell
| feared conflict between political parties and foreign affairs, symbol of national unity
31
Alien and Sedition Acts
pushed through congress as repressive measures,
- alien act gave president the power to arrest and expel aliens in a time of war,
- sedition act- can't publish bad things about officials and start a riot, can't impede operation of the law, federalists used this to get repub. convicted for writing in papers
32
Election of 1800
Adams vs Jefferson, repubs wanted to weaken strong federal government established by the federalists
33
Jefferson’s beliefs
- open minded,
- calms fears about French Revolution,
- believed all gov was evil,
- foreign trade was an issue during his term,
did not want war
- commercialize and centralize the US
34
Louisiana Purchase
- land between Mississippi River and rocky mts,
| - established borders with Spain Mexico and US
35
impressment
British took American seamen from their ships
36
Embargo act
- Jefferson didn't want war but wanted an apology for impressment,
- no exports to America,
- damaged economy and Britain and French economy
37
Lewis and Clark-
- An exploration of the Louisiana Territory and the region stretching to the Pacific,
- commissioned by President Jefferson.
- Commanded by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark
- the enterprise brought back a wealth of information about the region
38
War of 1812- why declared
The united States wanted more land and the Native Americans wouldn't sell it to them. The act of impressment, The policy whereby Britain forced people to serve in its navy. The impressment of sailors- even American citizens- on neutral vessels during the Napoleonic Wars outraged Americans, also added to the reasoning for the war.
39
War of 1812 – American opponents to the war-
Federalists and ship owners Britain and Canada
40
Treaty of Ghent
- Britain, France, and the United States agreed to leave things the way they were before the War of 1812.
- The United States gained respect from European countries
41
Hartford Convention-
- A gathering of New England Federalists from December 1814 through January 1815 to channel opposition to Thomas Jefferson and the War of 1812.
- Some participants may have regarded the meeting as preparatory to a secession movement by the New England colonies
42
Monroe Doctrine-
- A foreign policy edict, propounded by President James Monroe in 1823,
- declaring that the American continents were no longer open to European colonization or exploitation and that the United States would not interfere in the internal affairs of European nations
43
land policy of the early 1800’s
1800’s-Land act- minimum of two dollars per acre of land, cheap land because banks were perishing easy credit policy, expansion increased
44
Missouri Compromise
- Completion of America's withdrawal from Europe,
| - the United States wanted to stay out of foreign affairs - completed independence
45
Election of 1824
- Tories continued to defy the country
- disputes over internal improvements;
- Andrew Jackson, Crawford, Calhoun, Adams and Clay;
- the party system resolved
46
theory of nullification
- States could nullify anything within their borders by declaring it unconstitutional.
- South Carolina declared tariffs unconstitutional nullified it and if anyone stopped them,
- they would secede from the Union.
- They gained no support
47
Eli Whitney
invented the cotton gin allowing the process of producing cotton to be more efficient
48
Boston Associates
- a group of merchant headed by Francis cabot Lowell,
- add a new dimension to factory production,
- used Charles river in Massachusetts providing necessary water power between 1813- 1850
- they revolutionized textile production
49
1830’s-1840’s immigration
- immigration increase with rapid increase of industrialization,
- irish german, and european immigrants come to america, - prejudice arises.
50
cotton production 1820-1840
- Cotton began to be sold in bales.
- With slave population increase, cotton shipment increased.
- Spread from South Carolina to Georgia and parts of Virginia.
- Transportation, insurance, and final profit from cotton went to mainly northern merchants
51
early canals
- More expensive but more valuable.
| - New transportation for goods.
52
Jacksonian democracy
- the people know what is right by instinct.
- Political doctrine that proclaimed equality of all common men and disapproved of anything that smacked of special privilege.
- emphasis on idea that every citizen is equally important and all should participate in government.
- New political competition because of importance of voting.
- All came together under common political interest
53
spoils system
The Newly appointed office holders appoint loyal members of their own party to public office.
54
Election of 1832
Jackson ran again. The bank was a major issue in the election
55
Jackson and native Americans
- Indian Removal Act.
- Believed they were savages that were unable to achieve self government.
- Trail of Tears
56
Resistance to tariff-
- The idea that states can nullify a laws within it's own borders.
- Tariff of Abomination. new tariff- even higher than older one.
- South Carolina: Nullification of new tariff got passed. And if anyone tried to stop them they would succeed the union- - No other states join South Carolina at this time.
- Jackson's response: Force Act- Could march in on South Carolina- gonna be war.
- Clay's "compromise" Tariff- We'll pass new tariff that isn't as bad but you will drop the nullification thing and we will not go to war.
- Tariff failed to lower prices enough to satisfy southerners
57
Specie Circular
required purchases of public land be paid for in either gold or silver-> sales of land went down.
58
Whigs
- Patriotic distaste of "King Andrew".
- Not as organized, ineffective.
- Pretty much anyone who understood banks joined Whigs
59
William Henry Harrison
- Nominated by the whigs;
- he was part of the Log Cabin Campaign which used propaganda to get people to side with Harrison;
- he was elected president in 1841, became ill and died a month after his inauguration.
60
de Toqueville observations
Alexis de Toqueville was a French sociologist and political theorist who traveled to the U.S. in 1831;
he wrote one of the most influential books of the 19th century called “Democracy in America” with observations on equality and individualism.
61
Factory v Plantation
- Factory- workers were women and children. Better living conditions and actual pay
- Plantation- slaves and families were workers. No pay. Terrible living conditions. Could be beaten. Intense heat
62
Family life 1820-1840
- men were portrayed as the head of the family and they were providing for the wife and the children
- the wife took control at the home
63
Second Great Awakening
Religious revivalism. Social reforms and redefining the Ideal of equality- Temperance, Asylum and Penal Reform, Abolitionism, Women's Rights, Education. Mainly centered in New York
64
Joseph Smith
Vermont farm boy. Founded Mormon religion in western New York in 1820
65
William Lloyd Garrison
- A journalist and abolitionist who was the editor of The Liberator and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.
- Wanted absolute emancipation and vouched for women's rights
66
Frederick Douglass
African American social reformer who escaped slavery and wanted equal rights for everyone
67
John Tyler
- Became president after president William Henry Harrison died and he was a Whig.
- He was a weak president and he did not agree with either Jackson or Clay but sided with Clay.
- They did not get along and Clay passed a bill in Congress over the banks, Tyler vetoed it, and in protest, some congressmen resigned
68
Alamo
Texans during the Texas rebellion fought the Mexicans surrounding the fort and survived three attacks
69
Manifest Destiny
The expansion, stimulated by the natural growth of the population and the flood of immigration in a horde to go westward.
70
Oregon Territory Settlements
- Starting with Lewis and Clark, then the missionaries, and settlers followed.
- Manifest Destiny spurred many towns to rise up. The Oregon trail was created.
71
Mexican American war
- conflict along the border with Mexico sparked to the war.
The war was initiated by the United States and resulted in - Mexico's defeat and the loss of approximately half of its national territory in the north.
- The Mexican war greatly added to the national domain of the US.
72
Lewis Cass
A politician and military officer who believed in popular sovereignty.
73
California statehood
Clay argued that it should be a free state and the rest of the southwest be slave states in the Compromise of 1850.
74
Zachary Taylor
major general who became the president in 1849 and stalled with slavery in Congress.Tensions of secession.
75
Cotton trade: Who benefits
Increasing cotton economy increased the importance of slavery.
76
Nat Turner
- Started a violent revolt against their leaders and went from plantation to plantation growing in numbers.
- 60 white killed and 100-200 blacks of repercussion.
77
Railroad Investment Before 1860
- The railroad was doubling and tripling in miles after finding new ways of building it more efficiently and less expensively.
- They were still very expensive with private founders and a lot of manual labor.
- Helped the expansionist spirit bringing in new settlers.
78
Cyrus Mccormick-
- An inventor and founder of the Harvesting Machine Company.
- Developed the reaper which spread up wheat harvesting 14 times more than a scythes.
79
cotton trade – who benefits:
Increasing cotton economy increased the importance of slavery.
80
South and Railroads
Did not have a railroad system anywhere near the size of the North because it's more spread out population.
81
Fugitive slave law 1850
In the compromise, a law was passed in Congress in favor of the South to allow the recapture of any runaway Slave in the South and North.
82
Harriet Beecher Stowe-
Famous for writing Uncle Tom’s Cabin and depicts a hard life of slavery. It angered the South and the North. The North anti-slavery were energized.
83
Stephen Douglas-
- Designer of the Kansas Nebraska Act.
| - He fought for presidency with Lincoln and liked popular sovereignty.
84
Lincoln and Davis:Compare:
- Lincoln lenient, 10% plan want to get union back together quickly.
- Davis harsh Wade-Davis Bill
85
Emancipation Proclamation:
- “freed” slaves in South. Lincoln did this to give the North a “military strategic advantage”.
- Later slaves fought with Union.
- North became divided.
- abolishionists fought with more vigor because war was now about slavery.
86
Know-Nothings
Political party, Native American party, strongly opposed immigrants and members of Catholic Church
87
Chaos in Kansas
the dispute whether Kansas should be a free or slave state. Corrupt amount of polls compared to actual voters. Some say it was opening shots of civil war.
88
Charles Sumner
was beaten on senate floor, did not want Texas to be admitted to union, senator, wanted Kansas to be a slave state
89
Dred Scott-
sued government for being property
90
1860 Democrats
- democrats split, Lincoln wins election as repub.,
- Stephen Douglass for northern democrats,
- John Breckenridge for southern democrats
91
Election of 1860
- Lincoln wins election,
| - crittenden compromise is rejected by Lincoln
92
Civil War: Union reason for fighting
unite the union and preserve it, ultimately end slavery in the US
93
Great Britain during Civil War
Remained neutral but made ironclad ships
94
Gettysburg
- Meade, Union, vs Pickett, Confederate.
- Confederate couldnt break Union lines.
- Symbolized the victory for the Union in the war.
95
Election of 1864-
Lincoln wins election, he is assassinated shortly after, inaugural address reinstated his first terms inaugural address
96
Sherman’s war strategy
Burn the south’s resources and have “total war” delivered the death blow to the south and destroyed anything in its path.
97
Appomattox
- General Lee surrendered his troops to Grant ending the war.
- Union forces cut off final retreat, Lee was forced to surrender.
98
Lincoln’s plan for Reconstruction-
```
Simple loyalty oath would reinstate most Confederates’ U.S. citizenship
●(only high officials barred)
●When 10% of 1860 voters had done so, state could set up a government
●which must be republican in form
●recognize freedom of slaves
●And provide for their education
●But not necessarily suffrage
●Wanted strong Republican party in South
```
99
ultra Radical Republicans-
- Believed States had committed “suicide” (Seward) and were to be treated like conquered provinces.
(Radical Reconstruction Plan “pocket vetoed by Lincoln”)
- State constitutional conventions only after majority in state take loyalty oath Prohibit slavery, Repudiate debts,
- Confederate officials and any soldiers barred from voting and officeholding.
100
Black Codes
special laws passed by Southern States and municipal government after the civil war that denied free blacks many rights of citizenship.
101
14th Amendment-
passed by congress and prohibited states from depriving citizens of the due process or equal protection of the laws.
102
First Reconstruction Act-
Pardon to Southerners who swear allegiance to Union
●Exceptions: high office holders, those with more than $20,000 taxable property
●States hold constitutional conventions without 10% requirement
●Must void secession
●Abolish slavery
●Repudiate Confederate debt
●States could then hold elections and rejoin the Union
103
Andrew Johnson
Assumed office after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, first president to be impeached, Southern Tennessee democrat, made “okay” plan for confederacy reconstruction.
104
sharecropping-
A system of agricultural, local landowners/merchants loaned money to farm workers for portion of crops. Forced farmers to plant cash crops, discouraged diversified crops in South.
105
Force Acts of1870’s-
- 3 Laws passed by Republican- dominated congress to protect black voters in the south
- The laws placed state's election under federal jurisdiction and impressed fines and imprisonment on those guilty of interfering with any citizen exercising his right to vote.
106
Compromise of 1877-
- A brokered arrangement whereby Republican and Democrat leaders agreed to settle the disputed election.
- Democrats allowed returns that ensured the election of Republican Hayes;
- agreed to withdraw federal troops from the South, ensuring an end to Reconstruction.
