Semester 1 Final Flashcards
Treaty of tordesillas (1494)
Moved line is demarcation west, allowing Portugal to claim Brazil, the remaining western hemisphere reserved for Spain
Line of demarcation
Drawn by the pope reserving sections for exploration given to Portugal in the east and Spain in the west (1493)
Great awakening
A religious movement that swept Protestant Europe ms British America in the 1730s and 1740s. (“Sinners in the hand of an angry God” by Jonathan Edwards)
Jonathan Edwards / George whitefield
Religious revivals from 1720s-1740s
Act of religious toleration
Granted freedom of worship
Jamestown
(1607) first permanent settlement in North America
Halfway covenant
(1662) reflected a shift of established colonies toward secular values
Mayflower compact
Established an orderly government based on consent of the governed
French and Indian war
French and Britain disputes over territories in the Ohio valley. France lost most North American holdings
Proclamation of 1763
Colonists forbidden to settle west of Appalachian mountains
John Locke
Believed government should protect the rights of life, liberty, property
Thomas Hobbes
Advocate of absolute power
Jean-Jacques rosseau
Political authority lies with the people
Montesquieu
Government power divided: legislative, executive, judicial
Articles of confederation
Developed in a single chamber congress to settle disputes between states
Treaty of Paris (1783)
Declared the U.S. An independent nation; Boundaries of Canada, Mississippi, and Florida
Treaty of Paris (1898)
Due to Spanish-american war the U.S. Obtained Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam
Quartering act
Required colonists to pay for maintaining British troops in America
Article I, II, and III of the constitution
I. Legislative
II. Executive
III. Judicial
1st amendment
Freedom of speech, religion, press, and peaceable assembly
13th amendment
Abolished slavery
14th amendment
Civil right to born US citizens
15th amendment
Gave African American men the right to vote
16th amendment
Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes
18th amendment
Prohibited alcohol
19th amendment
Gave women the right to vote
Formation of the constitution
Largely written by Thomas Jefferson
Federalist papers
85 essays defending the constitution
Anti-federalists
Wanted bill of rights/strong state government
Alexander Hamilton
Federalist, treasury secretary
Thomas Jefferson
Republican
“Popular sovereignty”
The right to vote
Bill of rights
First 10 amendments to the constitution
The Declaration of Independence
Listed grievances against Britain, developed principle for new government
Dred Scott v. Sanford
Scott sues for freedom on grounds that his owner took him to a free state
Marbury v. Madison
The court case that established judicial review
McCulloch v. Maryland
(1819) established federal immunity from states taxation
The Marshall court
Refers to the Supreme Court of the U.S between 1801 and 1835, when John Marshall served as Chief Justice
Monroe doctrine
(1823) declared that the Western Hemisphere was off-limits to European colonization
War of 1812
Fought against Great Britain due to their interference with american shipping
Preconditions to civil war
A. US constitution protected slavery, contrasts the Declaration of Independence
Eli Whitney
Inventor; cotton gin
Jefferson Davis
President of the confederate states of America during the American civil war
Compromise of 1850
Required northerners to assist in captures- fugitive slave law
Missouri compromise
Admitted Missouri as a slave state, Maine as a free state, and extended a line at 36’30 to divide territories based on the institution of slavery
Manifest destiny
The belief that the U.S. Should own North American land to the Pacific Ocean
“Uncle tom’s cabin”
By Harriet Beecher stowe’s ; represents the evils of slavery
The emancipation proclamation
President Abraham Lincoln issued this legislation freeing the slaves in states fighting the union
Black codes
Laws passed by southern states after the civil war restricting African Americans freedom and compelling them to work
Jim Crow laws
Racial segregation laws
John brown’s raid
Brown and 18 followers seize federal arsenal @ harpers ferry and attempt to start a slave uprising
Secession
South Carolina, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas seceded from the union and became confederate states
Gettysburg
(July 1-3, 1863) largest defeat of confederate troops in the civil war
Lincoln’s ten percent plan
Lincoln’s plan for reconstruction
Appomattox court house
Lee surrenders to grant (April 9,1865)
Abolitionists
Believed they had the authority to prohibit slavery
Suffragists
Voters
Marcus Garvey
A Jamaican political leader of the black nationalism
W.E.B Dubois
Founded the Niagra movement, calling for full equality (1905)
Booker T. Washington
An African American advisor to presidents of the US and a dominant leader in the black community
Carpetbaggers/ scalawags
Republicans that played a role in shaping new southern governments during reconstruction
“Bleeding Kansas”
The period of violence during the settling of the Kansas territory
Kansas-Nebraska act
Repealed the Missouri compromise, allowing for popular sovereignty to decide the issue of slavery in each of those states
Morrill land grant act
Provided free land to states for “agricultural and mechanical colleagus”
Homestead act
Gave Land to any citizen who never neared arms against the U.S.
Freedman’s bureau
Gave food, shelter, and education to newly freed slaves
Theodore Roosevelt
Won the 1904 election
Roosevelt corollary
Stated that the U.S. Reserved the right to intervene in Latin America
William Howard Taft
Elected president in 1908
Dollar diplomacy
Taft encouraged investments in Latin America
Open door policy
Proposed China be open for trade to all countries
Food lever act
Mobilized food and fuel resources for World War I
Indian removal act
Relocation of Indian tribes (reservations)
Taft-Hartley act
Monitors the activities and power of labor unions
Teapot dome scandal
Scandal of the early 1920s surrounding the secret leasing of federal oil reserves of the interior, Albert bacon fall
Gentlemen’s agreement
Limited Japanese immigration in the U.S. In 1907
Social Darwinism
Belief that the rich are superior to the poor
Purity crusaders
Sought to end immoral or corrupt behavior
Pullman strike
President Cleveland sent federal troops to end the protest of the American railway union
Haymarket riot
Radicals protesting the killing and wounding of several workers by Chicago police
Labor unions
Representatives of workers in many industries
Populist party
Represents the common folk
Chinese exclusion act
Prohibiting all immigration of Chinese laborers
Settlement houses
Mixing middle class people with low-income people
The spoils system
The act of winning parties rewards its campaign workers giving government jobs
Sherman anti-trust act
Congress Prohibits trusts
Bland-Allison act
Required the U.S. Treasury to buy a certain amount of silver and put it into circulation as silver dollars
Interstate commerce act
Made the railroads the first industry subject to federal regulation
The Mexican war
Mexico lost 1/3 of its territory
USS Maine
Battleship that blew up in Havana harbor during the Spanish-american war
Spanish-american war
Gained Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico and the Philippines
William McKinley
25th president of the U.S.
Treaty of Guadalupe hidalgo
Added an additional 525,000 square miles to US territory
The great white fleet
US navy fleet sent around the world to show naval dominance
Alfred T. Mahan
A US navy navy admiral with the “sea power” concept
Graft
Political “bosses” used position to gain profit
Tammany hall
Democratic Party that played a role in controlling New York’s politics
Boss tweed
Convicted in 1873/died in jail
Lost generation
A group of writers who became of age during the war and established their literary reputations in the 1920’s
Monopolies
An enterprise that is the only seller of a good or service
Americanization
The influence the U.S. Has on the culture of other countries
