Semester 1 Final Flashcards
0
Q
What is an epic?
A
A long poem that describes the actions and adventures of heroic or legendary figures
1
Q
What is kelos?
A
Glory, fame, and immortality in memory of others
2
Q
What is a hero?
A
Brave, stands up for beliefs, tough, has good morals, noble, does good deeds, a leader
3
Q
Who wrote the Iliad?
A
Homer
4
Q
Who are the most significant Greek gods in the Iliad?
A
Achilles, Zeus, Hera, Aphrodite
5
Q
What role did the gods play in the lives of mortals?
A
They manipulated them
6
Q
What sparked the Trojan war?
A
- A love triangle
- Paris stole Memelaus’ wife, Helen
7
Q
What is a City-State?
A
Size of a city but functions as an independent nation
8
Q
Delian league
A
Alliance of all the city states
9
Q
Heinrich Schliemann
A
German businessman who believed he found the treasure of Priam (jewels of Helen). Also, he believed he found the death mask of Agamemnon
10
Q
Schliemann believed the site of ancient Troy is modern day…
A
Turkey
11
Q
What are the differences between Athens and Sparta?
A
Athens- gives everyone equal chances, always trying to get more, value in arts, big goals, reached a golden age
Sparta- warlike, not educated, slaves, farmers, shouldn’t desire wealth
12
Q
What did Pericles attempt to do? What was his goal?
A
- He wants his city-state (Athens) to be successful
- helped Athens become a famous city
13
Q
Why was Oedipus considered a tragic figure?
A
- Virtuous but destined for a downfall, noble character fallen through fate
- he was destined to kill his father and marry his mother
14
Q
Fate
A
Destiny, development of events beyond a persons control
15
Q
Free will
A
Ability of a person to make choices and control the course of their own life
16
Q
How did Oedipus have fate?
A
-He tried to run away from his fate but in the end he couldn’t
17
Q
How does Oedipus have free will?
A
He made his own decisions throughout his life
18
Q
What was Achilles fate?
A
If he stayed and fought, his glory would live on
19
Q
What are the different branches of philosophy?
A
- Metaphysics
- Ethics
- Epistemology
20
Q
Metaphysics
A
-What’s what, reality
21
Q
Ethics
A
-what’s good, value
22
Q
Epistemology
A
What do we know, knowledge
23
Q
How are Zeno and Heraclitus alike?
A
They both deal with metaphysics
24
How are Zeno and Heraclitus different
Zeno believes change is an illusion and doesn't actually happen. Heraclitus believes change is always happening
25
Socrates
- Greek philosopher
- goal was to get people to think for themselves
- believed death is a gain, everlasting sleep
- believed the unexamined life is not worth living
26
Why was Socrates put to death?
for "corrupting the youth" by questioning the gods
27
Plato
The physical world is a copy of an ideal world
28
What is Plato's allegory of the cave?
Our world-crumbled cookie
World of forms-cookie cutter world
Our world is imperfect and we need something more
29
What is plato's realm of the forms?
Independent realm- eternal, unchanging, invisible
| Basis for objects we see on earth
30
What is the purpose of Aristotle philosophy?
To prove our sensory experiences can inform our reality, show rational explanation for the physical world
31
Aristotle
- doesn't agree with Plato, his ideas are more rational
| - tried to prove there is more than one reason or cause as to why something exists
32
Aristotle's 4 causes
Material cause- the physical matter that something is made of
Formal cause- what the thing is intended to be
Efficient cause- the method by which something is produced
Final cause- the reason it exists
33
Telos
End, purpose, or goal
34
What is a hegemony?
A dominant society exerting political, social, cultural, ideological, or economic influence of authority over others
35
What are the Punic wars?
Series of wars between Carthage and Greece
36
What were the consequences of the Punic wars?
Rome took over Greece and Carthage
37
What are characteristic and impact of Romes's art and culture?
Art was shallow
38
Who was Spartacus?
A slave who tried to get freedom, started a slave uprising
39
How does the Roman republic expand into an empire?
They have a very strong military and keep defeating people and gaining their land
40
What brought about the fall of Rome?
Financial stuggles, eastern empire was wealthier, too big and didn't have enough troops
41
Social classes in Rome
```
Patricians- upper class
Plebeians- lower class
```
42
Who replaced the power structure after the fall of Rome?
The church
43
Who was Julius Caesar?
Leader of Rome, formed an alliance with Pompey, Caesar defeats Pompey and takes over Rome, reduced number of slaves, the republic died with him
44
What were signs of strength and decay in the Roman Empire?
Strength- gained a lot of power and had a lot of control
| Decay- had too much power and fell
45
Why was Europe unstable before the plague?
They were getting invaded a lot and had no sense of authority
46
Where did the plague come from and where was is first introduced in Europe?
Spread through trade routes
47
Where would a serf live and what was their life like?
They are set far below everyone else and do all of the work
| Live in small huts
48
What was the main focus during life in the Middle Ages?
Food and shelter
49
How was art reflective of the worldview of the Middle Ages?
The artwork was poor as well as the living conditions and the view of man
50
Main features of gothic architecture
- Tall buildings, thin walls, more windows
| - Flying buttress for support, arches for vaulted ceilings, stained glass, sculptures of biblical stories
51
What did cathedrals of the Middle Ages communicate?
- God is big, we are small
- the city of God has come down to life
- wanted to make the bible available for the illiterate
52
How and why does the church in he Middle Ages become powerful?
People were so focused on the city of God
53
In what ways does the church begin to become too powerful?
They begin to have political power, the pope is more powerful than the King
54
How was the plague transmitted?
Carried by rodents, transmitted through trade routes
55
What effect did the plague have on Europe?
- Lowered population
| - laborers received higher wage
56
What were ways that people responded to the Black Plague?
- a lot of people left their town
- they had parties
- distrust of church
- The Danse Macabre
57
Describe artwork from the Middle Ages
- Faces aren't realistic
- proportions aren't realistic
- heavenly figures are big
58
What is the Middle Ages view of man?
- low
| - they had a low quality of life
59
What does Renaissance mean?
Rebirth
60
Where did the Renaissance begin and what prompted it?
- Florence
| - wealthy families begin to spend their money on art
61
What conditions contributed to the start of the Renaissance?
- the plague
- church's power
- low quality of life
62
What was the Renaissance a rebirth of?
- Greco-roman ideas
| - learning and education
63
Ad fontes
Go to the source, see for yourself
64
Individualism
Every human is different and unique, we all have value
65
Humanism
People improving their world, potential and worth
66
Rationalism
Trying to figure out the work around us, reasoning and logic
67
Materialism
You are what you have, status based on what you have
68
Where did people from the renaissance draw their inspiration for their art?
From what they saw
69
How did math change the way man viewed himself?
Math allowed portraits to look more realistic so people viewed themselves highly
70
Linear perspective
Conveys depth by reducing the size of objects as the regress into space to a vanishing point
71
Atmospheric perspective
Creates depth by blurring lines and details of objects or figures as the image regresses into the distance
72
Golden ratio
Conveys realistic proportions and festered using the ratio 1/1.618
73
How does Renaissance art differ from Middle Ages art?
Renaissance art is more realistic and the people are depicted higher
74
School of Athens by Raphael
- in the Vatican City
- contains Greek philosophers
- shows the Greeks were powerful
75
The Sistine chapel by Michelangelo
-scenes from the book of Genesis: creation, fall, redemption
76
Why was the book of the courtier written?
To set ideals and expectations
77
What does the ideal courtier look like?
Hunts, wrestles, swims, has good manners, plays tennis
Sprezzatura- nonchalant, effortless
78
What are Machiavelli's characteristics of am ideal leader?
- A leader should be merciful
- fear motivates
- a leader must keep control
79
The praise of folly: what were his critiques of the Catholic Church?
- manipulating people through relics
- pope had too much power
- greedy officials
- the church couldn't do anything wrong
80
The David by Michelangelo
- Hands are bigger than forearm
- looks natural
- shows humans are strong
- Christian figure depicted by the Greco-roman ideas
81
What view of beauty came out of the renaissance?
Strong, powerful, God like, unrealistic, perfection
82
What view of love came out of the renaissance?
Wished for something more, expectation, deserve more
83
What is scholasticism?
The attempt to harmonize Aristotle's discoveries with scripture
84
What was the geocentric theory and who supported it?
- the earth is in the center of the universe
| - supported by Aristotle and the church
85
Why was Pope Leo X significant?
He was the pope during Luther
86
What was the heliocentric theory and who supported it?
-the sun is the center of the universe
-supported by Copernicus, Sir Frances Bacon,
Newton, and Galileo
87
Why does the solar system become a source of tension between the church and sholastics?
Because the church says they are infallible but scholars start proving them wrong
88
Copernicus
- studied the works of Greek philosophers
| - discovered everything revolves around the sun
89
Bacon
- used observation
| - believed science and faith work together
90
Galileo
- had proof the sun is I'm the center of the universe
- was put on trial for going against the church
- recanted his findings
91
Were science and Christianity compatible for these early scientists?
No, the church said they were right and wouldn't listen to anything anyone else had to say
92
Why did the Catholic Church react so strongly against the finding of Galileo?
Because they wanted to be right and keep their power
93
Why did Galileo recant his findings?
Because he knew the church or anyone else would ever listen
94
Who were the renaissance 6?
A series of 6 really corrupt popes
95
What were ideals that emerged during the renaissance?
- Ideal man: capable of a lot
- ideal love: wished for something more, expectations
- ideal beauty: strong, powerful, perfection
- ideal ruler: self obsessed, greedy, cowards
- ideal religion: motivates
96
Who is John Tetzel?
Indulgence salesman
97
Who is Luther? What is his goal?
- friar and later a priest I'm the Catholic Church
| - his goal was to fix the church's corruption and unite everyone
98
What did people believe indulgences could do?
Pay for their forgiveness and salvation
99
What are the 5 solas of the reformation?
- Sola Scriptura: by scripture alone
- Sola Fide: by faith alone
- Sola Gratia: by grace alone
- Solus Christus: by Christ alone
- Soli Deo Gloria: glory to God alone
100
What is the difference between rational and irrational thought?
Rational is based on reason or logic
| Irrational is not governed by or according to reason
101
What questions do philosophers begin to ask and answer during the enlightenment?
- what can we be sure is true
- who's truth can we trust
- how can you logically justify truth
102
What is feudalism? What value was it based upon?
King⬇️ provides land
Swears loyalty and provides money⬆️ Lords/vassals ⬇️ provides land
Swears loyalty and provides military⬆️ Soldiers/knights ⬇️ provides land and protection
swears loyalty and provides food ⬆️ Peasants/serfs
