Semester 1 Final Flashcards
Ethos
used to convey the writer’s credibility and authority
Logos
the appeal to logic, means to appeal to the audiences’ sense of reason or logic
Pathos
the appeal to emotion, means to persuade an audience by purposely evoking certain emotions to make them feel the way the author wants them to feel
Diction
the choice and use of words and phrases in speech or writing.
Periodic sentence
a complex sentence in which the main clause, or main point, occurs at the end of the sentence instead of the beginning
Cumulative sentence
A sentence that starts with a main idea and then adds extra details through phrases or clauses
Denotation
the literal meaning of a word
Connotation
a feeling or idea that a word has, in addition to its literal or main meaning
Metaphor
a figure of speech that compares two unrelated things
Simile
a comparison between two things, usually using the words ‘like’ and ‘as’
Personification
a type of metaphor that gives human characteristics to inanimate objects and animals, such as emotions and behaviors.
Analogy
a comparison between two different things, typically to explain or clarify something by showing how it is similar to something more familiar
Allusion
A brief reference to a person, place, event, or work of literature, often without specifically mentioning it
Paradox
a statement that appears to contradict itself, but upon further rumination, either reveals a deeper meaning or actually makes sense
Irony
a literary device where the actual meaning is opposite to the literal meaning, or where there is a lack of similarity between expectations and reality
Hyperbole
exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally
Understatement
a literary device used to downplay a situation as less serious, less significant, or smaller than it really is
Syntax
Purpose is to create specific sentence structures that will have an effect on the reader
Parallel structure
using the same pattern of words to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance
Antithesis
a literary device that positions opposite ideas parallel to each other
Tone
expresses the writer’s attitude toward or feelings about the subject matter and audience
Anecdote
a brief narrative involving presumably real people and events.
Testimony
a rhetorical term for a person’s account of an event or state of affairs.
Qualitative
a research method focused on understanding the qualities, characteristics, and meanings behind human experiences and social phenomena.
Quantitative
an operational description.
Claims of fact
Something that asserts that something quantifiable has existed, does exist, or will exist
Claims of value
Something that argues that something is good or bad, or that one thing is better than another thing.
Claims of policy
Something that argues that certain conditions should exist, or that something should or should not be done, in order to solve a problem.
Inductive reasoning
a method of drawing conclusions by going from the specific to the general.
Deductive reasoning
a logical approach where you progress from general ideas to specific conclusions.
Exordium
the beginning or introduction, especially the introductory part of a discourse or composition.
Narratio(n)
the part of an argument in which a speaker or writer provides a narrative account of what has happened and explains the nature of the case.
Confirmatio(n)
proof / analysis / explanation.
Refutatio(n)
disproving an opposing argument.
Peroratio(n)
the closing part of an argument, often with a summary and an appeal to pathos.
Synthesis
to combine separate elements to form a whole.
Position and perspective
a perspective, which can be shared by many authors, and a position, which is the specific argument made by a particular author.
Authority
The text’s reliability as a witness to the author’s intentions.
Relevance
explaining why something matters in relation to the topic.
Accuracy
the degree to which information is correct, precise, and free from errors.
Bias
A prejudice against something an author is writing about.
Author of The Legend of Sleepy Hallow
Washington Irving
Author of Catch-22
Joseph Heller
Verbal irony
Using language with an intended meaning that is different from the literal meaning of the words.
Situational irony
When the outcome of a situation is contrary to or different from what is expected.
Dramatic irony
When the audience or reader understands the event portrayed but the character does not.
Reversal
To present the opposite of the normal order. Reversal can focus on the order of events or on hierarchical order.
Exaggeration
To enlarge, increase, or represent something beyond normal bounds so that it becomes ridiculous and its faults can be seen.
Incongruity
To present a thing that is out of place or absurd in relation to its surroundings.
Parody
To imitate the techniques and/or style of some person, place, or thing in order to ridicule the original. For parody to be successful, the audience must know the original text that is being ridiculed.
