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AP Psychology > Semester 1 Final > Flashcards

Semester 1 Final Flashcards

1
Q

Conditioning

Classical conditioning

A

a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate a stimulus and produces a response

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2
Q

Conditioning

Conditioned stimulus

A

a stimulus that can eventually trigger a conditioned response

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3
Q

Conditioning

Conditioned Response

A

An automatic response established by training to an ordinarily neutral stimulus

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4
Q

Conditioning

Unconditioned stimulus

A

a stimulus that causes an automatic response

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5
Q

Conditioning

Unconditioned Response

A

A response to an unconditioned stimulus

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6
Q

Conditioning

Operant Conditioning

A

A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcement, and diminished if followed by punishment

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7
Q

Conditioning

Positive Reinforcement

A

add a positive stimulus

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8
Q

Conditioning

Negative Reinforcement

A

remove an aversive stimulus

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9
Q

Conditioning

Positive Punishment

A

add an aversive stimulus

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10
Q

Conditioning

Negative Punishment

A

withdraw a desirable stimulus

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11
Q

Conditioning

Partial Reinforcement

A

reinforcing a response only part of the time

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12
Q

Conditioning

Shaping

A

operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior towards closer approximations of a desired goal

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13
Q

Sensation and Perception

Parts of the eye

A

pupil, iris, lens, retina, fovea

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14
Q

Sensation and Perception

Parts of the ear

A
  • Outer ear - Helix, scapha, tringular fossa, antihelix, concha, auricular lobule (earlobe), temporal muscle, temporal bone, cartilage, external acoustic meatus (ear canal)
  • Middle ear - Maileus, incus, stapes, semicircular canals (3), tympanic membrane (eardrum), tympanic cavity
  • Inner ear - Cochlea, vestibular nerve, cochlear nerve, Eustachian tube
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15
Q

Sensation and Perception

Binocular cues

A

depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes

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16
Q

Sensation and Perception

Gestalt principles of perception

A

an organized whole; emphasized our tendency to integrate peices of information into meaningful wholes

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17
Q

Sensation and Perception

size constancy

A
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18
Q

Sensation and Perception

Place theory

A

in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated

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19
Q

Learning

Availability of heuristic

A

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory

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20
Q

Learning

Functional Fixedness

A

tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions

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21
Q

Learning

Representative heuristic

A

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes or stereotypes

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22
Q

Learning

Conformation Bias

A

tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions

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23
Q

Learning

Overconfidence

A

tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs and judgements

tendency to be more confident than correct

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24
Q

Learning

Algorithms

A

methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarentees solving a particular problem

contrasts with the usually speedier (but also more error-prone) use of heuristics

25
Q

Learning

Divergent thinking

26
Q

Learning

Telegraphic Speech

A

early speech stage in which the child speaks like a telegram (“go car”) using mostly nouns and verbs and admitting “auxiliary words”

27
Q

Learning

Insight learning

A

sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem

contrasts with strategy based solutions

28
Q

Sleep/ Consciousness

Stage 1 & 2

A

light stages of sleep from which we can easily be aroused

29
Q

Sleep/ Consciousness

Stage 3

A

a deeper stage of sleep & some may feel disoriented if woken

30
Q

Sleep/ Consciousness

Stage 4

A

REM sleep (you dream)

31
Q

Sleep/ Consciousness

REM

A

Rapid eye movement
breathing becomes irregular, blood pressure rises, heart rate increases

32
Q

Sleep/ Consciousness

Conscious

A

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

33
Q

Sleep/ Consciousness

Nonconscious

A

biological functions you do not sense

34
Q

Sleep/ Consciousness

preconscious

A

ideas and thoughts that are not in your awareness at the moment, but you could recall them

35
Q

Sleep/ Consciousness

subconscious

36
Q

Sleep/ Consciousness

Unconscious

A

information that is unavailable to awareness under most circumstances

37
Q

The Brain/Nervous System

Amygdala

A

consists of two almond-shaped neural clusters linked to the emotions of fear and anger

38
Q

The Brain/Nervous System

Hypothalamus

A
  • lies below the thalamus
  • directs several maintenance activities like eating, drinking, body temperature, and control of emotions
  • key to primitive urges like fear, hunger, anger, sexual desire
  • controls the pituitary gland
39
Q

The Brain/Nervous System

Pituitary gland

A
  • anterior pituitary lobe releases hormones that regulate other glands
  • helps to regulate and communicates with all other glands
40
Q

The Brain/Nervous System

Medulla

A
  • the base at the brainstem that controls heart beat & breathing
  • secretes hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) during stressful situations
41
Q

The Brain/Nervous System

Hippocampus

A

part of the limbic system

42
Q

The Brain/Nervous System

Node of Ranvier

43
Q

The Brain/Nervous System

Axon

A

part of a neuron that sends a message

44
Q

The Brain/Nervous System

Synapse

A

junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite/ cell body of the receiving neuron

45
Q

The Brain/Nervous System

Myelin Sheath

A

insulates axon, speeding up transmission

46
Q

The Brain/Nervous System

Dopamine

A
  • a type of neurotransmitter and hormone
  • plays a role in body functions like movement, memory, and pleasurable reward & motivation
47
Q

The Brain/Nervous System

Endorphins

48
Q

The Brain/Nervous System

Insulin

49
Q

The Brain/Nervous System

GABA

50
Q

The Brain/Nervous System

Acetylcholine

51
Q

The Brain/Nervous System

Somatic nervous system

A

the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles

52
Q

The Brain/Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System

A
  • refers to parts of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord
  • includes the cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and their roots and branches, peripheral nerves, and neuromuscular junctions
53
Q

The Brain/Nervous System

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

calms the body, conserving its energy
* contracts pupil
* slows heartbeat
* stimulates digestion
* stimulates gulbladder
* contracts bladder
* allows blood flow to sex organs

54
Q

The Brain/Nervous System

Sympathetic Nervous system

A

arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations
* dilates pupil
* accelerates heartbeat
* inhibits digestion
* stimulates glucose release by liver
* stimulates secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine
* relaxes bladder
* stimulates ejaculation in male

55
Q

The Brain/Nervous System

Cerebral Cortex

A
  • intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres
  • the body’s ultimate control and information processing center
56
Q

The Brain/Nervous System

Cerebellum

A

attatched to the rear of the brainstem

helps coordinate voluntary movements and balance

57
Q

The Brain/Nervous System

Opiate

58
Q

The Brain/Nervous System

Depolarization

A

occurs when positive ions enter the neuron, making it more prone to fire an action potential

59
Q

The Brain/Nervous System

Lobes of the brain

A
  1. frontal lobe - frontal most part of the brain; responsible for higher cognitive functions - memory, emotions, impulse control, problem solving, social interaction, and motor function
  2. parietal lobe - vital for sensory perception and integration; management of taste, hearing, sight, touch, and smell
  3. Occipital Lobe - primarily responsivle for visual processing; contains primary and association visual cortex
  4. temporal lobe - primarily responsible for interpreting sounds from the ears and plays a significant role in recognizing and using language

AP Psychology (3 decks)

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