Semester 1 Final (1) Flashcards
1
Q
Acting in the patient’s best interest (Hippocratic Oath)
A
Beneficence
2
Q
Respect for the patient to make own decisions about what is best (patient bill of rights)
A
Autonomy
3
Q
Doing no harm
A
Nonmaleficence
4
Q
Treating everyone fairly
- Distributive (equal distribution of goods)
- Compensatory (act to make up for past injustice)
- Procedural (first come, first serve)
A
Justice
5
Q
Tell the truth, do not lie
A
Veracity (from autonomy and beneficence)
6
Q
Obligation to keep information concerning patients private except when doing so would bring harm to innocent people or to the client personally
A
Confidentiality/Privacy (from beneficence)
7
Q
Actions should be faithful to patient
A
Fidelity (from beneficence)
8
Q
In RIPS, the realm can be…
A
- Individual: Good of the pt/client; Focus: rights, duties, relationships, and behaviors between individuals; least complex problems
- Organizational: Good of the organization; Focus: structures and systems that facilitate organizational or institutional goals
- Societal: Common good; Most complex realm
9
Q
In RIPS the individual process can be…
A
- Moral Sensitivity
- Moral Judgment
- Moral Motivation
- Moral Courage
10
Q
In RIPS the situation can be…
A
- Issue/Problem: Moral values are present or may be challenged
- Dilemma: Right vs right; Multiple alternative courses of action may be taken, which fulfill an important duty and it is not possible to fulfill each
- Distress: Know the right course of action, but are not authorized or empowered to perform it; Often during the implementation phase of decision making
- Temptation: Right vs wrong; Choice between wrong and right when you stand to benefit from choosing the wrong
- Silence: Ethical values are challenged, but no one is speaking about this challenge to values
11
Q
What are the 4 aspects of therapeutic communication?
A
- Speaks
- Is Fully Present
- Listens
- Develops Trust
12
Q
Try to understand others’ feelings, moods, emotions (verbal, non-verbal); Try to understand reasons behind behavior (active listening)
A
Empathy
13
Q
Aspects of this part of communication are: Active Listening, Paraphrase, Check-ins, Encouragers, Ask Questions, Make Observational Comments, Summarize, Respect Silence
A
Effective listening
14
Q
What are not responses you should not make to patients?
A
- Offer reassurances (“it can’t be all that bad”)
- Judgmental responses (convey judgment, advice at wrong time, stereotypical)
- Defensiveness (“You’re always late. I’ve got better things to do than wait for you”)
15
Q
What are responses you should make to patients?
A
- “I” Responses
2. Congruence
16
Q
Body language indicated by hands to chest, hands spread palms out
A
Honesty
17
Q
Body language indicated by clenched hands, locked ankles, holding arm rests, holding arms behind back
A
Self-control
18
Q
Body language indicated by nodding head, touching, moving closer
A
Acceptance
19
Q
Body language indicated by fidgeting, clearing throat or voice pitch change, biting nails, shaking, perspiration, blinking
A
Nervous
20
Q
Body language indicated by erect posture, frequent eye contact, chin forward, steepling hands, deeper voice tone, smile
A
Confidence
21
Q
Body language indicated by standing or sitting on a higher level, feet on desk, leaning back in chair with hands behind head, placing personal possessions on another’s desk
A
Dominance
22
Q
Body language indicated by wringing hands, blushing
A
On the spot
23
Q
Body language indicated by kicking, rubbing back of neck, short breaths, hitting
A
Frustrated
24
Q
Body language indicated by standing with hands on hips, open coat, sitting on edge of chair
A
Readiness
25
Body language indicated by learning forward in chair, head tilted, hand supporting head, hand to cheek
Interest
26
Body language indicated by rubbing nose, rubbing eye, narrowing eyes, squirming, looking over glasses
Doubt
27
Body language indicated by arms folded over chest, fist clenched
Defensiveness
28
Body language indicated by tapping toe or fingers, head in hand, dropping eyes, sighs, doodling, blank stare, foot shaking, fiddling
Boredom/impatient
29
During the patient interview process, what are some things you should keep in mind in order to "artfully phase" questions?
1. Open vs. Closed
2. Avoid Double Questions
3. Avoid Why Questions
30
What are some non-verbal things to keep in mind while actively listening to patients?
1. Space
2. Posture
3. Time
4. Voice inflection
5. Elimination of distracting movements
6. Eye contact
31
What are the qualifications for medicare?
```
Over 65 years old AND
Paid in to Social Security through an employer for at least 10 years
-or-
Under 65 years old AND
Considered medically disabled OR
Have end-stage renal disease
```
32
Medicare Part ___ includes inpatient (acute) care, hospice, and some home health care
A
33
Medicare Part ___ provides prescription drug coverage
D
34
Medicare Part ___ includes physician services and outpatient care, including PT & OT
B
35
Under medicare part A, how long must a pt be in the hospital in order to receive services at a SNF?
Three night/ four day stay
36
Who owns CPT and HCPCS?
```
CPT = AMA
HCPCS = HMC
```
37
What are examples of untimed codes?
1. Evaluation
2. Re-Evaluation
3. Unattended modality charges
38
How many units would you charge for 36 minutes?
2 units
39
In North Dakota, “Onsite Supervision” means that the licensed physical therapist:
Is continuously present in the department or facility at the time of treatment.
40
For adequate supervision of supportive personnel, the supervising physical therapist must perform all of the following activities EXCEPT:
A. Provide the initial and final evaluation.
B. Develop the plan of care.
C. Complete all written documentation.
D. Adjust plan of care when necessary.
C
41
What is the minimum number of total continuing competence units during a two year period that a physical therapist or physical therapist assistant MUST obtain to be eligible for licensure or renewal?
15 "certified" units, 10 units of non-clinical approved activities
42
```
A physical therapist assistant may function without onsite supervision in all of the following EXCEPT:
A. Home health
B. Hospital or clinic
C. Long term care facility
D. Public school setting
```
B
43
True or false:
In North Dakota, a physical therapist assistant may alter a treatment program with prior approval of the supervising therapist
True
44
True or false:
| In North Dakota, a physical therapist assistant may write the discharge summary for a home bound patient
False
45
True or false:
| In North Dakota, a physical therapist assistant may perform an initial home health visit
False
46
True or false:
| In North Dakota, a physical therapist assistant may respond to inquiries regarding patient status and prognosis
False
47
Which is NOT true of “Direct Supervision”?
A. The physical therapist must be physically present on the premises and immediately available for direction and supervision.
B. The physical therapist will have direct contact with the patient during each visit.
C. Telecommunication provides direct supervision.
D. Physical therapy aides require direct supervision to assist in routine tasks as assigned.
C
48
What is the FSBPT's main duties?
Supports the state board
49
What is the NDBPT and what is their relationship and role to the FSBPT?
The NDBPT is the North Dakota Board of Physical Therapy. They are the board that oversees laws and regulations relating to physical therapy for North Dakota for the FSBPT.
50
Provide organization through which member licensing authorities could work together to promote and protect the health, welfare, and safety of American public; legal issues, licensing
FSBPT; targeting protection of pts seeking PT services
51
Identify and promote effective regulation in PT that ensures the delivery of state and competent PT care, while respecting states’ rights and responsibilities
NDBPT
52
What information can you find on ABPTS's website?
Information about specialty areas and how to become a certified specialist (american board of PT specialties); Residencies, fellowships, and board certification
53
Who creates the NPTE?
(national PT exam) the FSBPT
54
Randomized controlled trial; cohort design; before and after design
Quasi experimental clinical tests (this is a true experimental design)
55
Cross-sectional design, case study design, case report seeing, case control design, single case design
Non-experimental clinical designs
56
How are citations listed at the end of the manuscript?
In numerical order of their presentation in the text
57
Penalize a few for the good of others; greatest good for the greatest number
Principle of Utilitarianism
58
The ethical role of the physical therapist in research is guided by:
1. High Standards for quality Research
2. Standards to Protect Research Participants
3. Standards for Publishing Results
4. Report Unethical Acts in Research
5. Support Research that produces new knowledge
59
Nuremberg Code (1947): 1st set of ethical principle for medical researchers
1. Voluntary Consent of Human Subjects is Absolutely Essential
2. Animal Experimentation should Precede Human Experimentation
3. Physical and Mental Suffering, and Injury Should be Avoided
4. Human Risk Never Should Exceed The Benefit to Society, and is Minimized
60
“In any medical study, every patient-including those of a control group, if any, should be assured of the best proven diagnostic and therapeutic method.”; forbids the use of a placebo group if an accepted treatment already exists
Declaration of Helsinki
61
Statement that the study is research, Purpose of the research, Description of research procedures, Description of foreseeable risks or discomforts, an estimate of their likelihood, and Description of benefit, an estimate of their likelihood is all information you would find...
in an informed consent documentation
62
What is the IRB's duty?
To protect the rights, safety, and welfare of human research participants
63
Who is on the IRB?
1. Qualified individuals who have no vested interest in the research or its outcomes
2. Federal regulations requires at least 5 members
3. Diverse professional members, gender
4. Scientific, non-scientific, clergy, and at least 1 member not affiliated with the institution
64
In an expedited review, ___________ member(s) perform the review. In a full board review, __________ membor(s) perform the review.
A single member (usually the chair); A quorum of IRB members (a majority of voting members are needed for approval)
65
What is Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)?
A guide to clinicians for efficient, consistent, high quality patient care.
66
The best research evidence is...
Patient-centered
67
effective use of your clinical skills to quickly identify the patient’s health status & diagnosis, unique risks and benefits of potential treatments, and the patients values and expectations
Clinical expertise
68
unique preferences, concerns,expectations each patient brings to the clinical encounter
Patient Values
69
What are the 4 components into making a clinical decision?
1. Clinical circumstances
2. Best research evidence
3. Patient values or preferences
4. Clinician expertise of the physical therapist
70
Systematic Reviews/Meta-analysis have already answered the specific question and has made a recommendation for clinical practice
Information mastery
71
Personally Perform a systematic search and appraisal of the literature for specific elements of the specific patient question being asked using a Specialized and Standard Databases
Traditional approach
72
Systematic review/ meta-analysis; Summary of many well-designed randomized controlled trials (RTC); Authors describe specific methods to search, critically evaluate and synthesize the results of research to answer a clinical question
Level I evidence
73
A Randomized Controlled Trial with a large sample size (n), which is representative of the defined population; Most valid design for confirming effects of an intervention
Level II evidence
74
Non-randomized trials; These quality planned designed trials include:
1. Pre-Post (Before-After) Single Group
2. Pre-Post Cohort Groups (prospective, moving forward)
3. Case-Controlled Study Groups (retrospective)
Level III evidence
75
“Non-Experimental Studies” from more than 1 clinic/”center or research group” includes evidence from:
1. Case Reports
2. Single Case Designs
Level IV evidence
76
Expert Opinions or “Clinical Expertise”; These are Opinions of “respected authorities” based on:
1. Clinical evidence
2. Descriptive studies
3. Reports of “expert committees”
Level V evidence
77
- RCT > 100 patients (with multi-center and meta analysis)
- RCT < 100 patients (with > 1 institution and meta-analysis)
- Well Conducted (has control group) Cohort Study
Level A
78
- Well conducted case-control study
- RCT with 1 or more major methodological errors.
- RCT with 3 or more minor methodological defects.
- Case Reports or Single Case Design
Level B
79
Expert opinion (level)
Level C
80
What does PICO stand for?
Patient
Intervention
Comparison
Outcome
81
How a clinical practice effect everyday patient care
Effectiveness study
82
Measures the end result of healthcare Rx
Outcomes research (uses morbidity, mortality, length of stay, discharge disposition, health status and level of disability)
83
Address if clinical practice can work in ideal situations
Efficacy study
84
What are the Exclusive Roles1 of the Physical Therapist as a Critical Inquirer?
1. A user of research
2. A publisher of case reports
3. A collaborator in clinical research projects
4. An Assessor of new ideas and technology
5. A research participant (subject)
85
Who is the APTA targeting to protect?
Physical therapists
