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Modern History > Semester 1 Exams > Flashcards

Semester 1 Exams Flashcards

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1
Q

1917 April

A

Lenin returns to russia

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2
Q

1917 October

A

Bolsheviks overthrow the provisional government

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3
Q

1918

A

Treaty of BT

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4
Q

1918-1920

A

Civil war between bolsheviks, REDS and anti-bolsheviks, WHITES.

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5
Q

1918-1921

A

Policy of war communism, millions of peasants starve to death as the army takes their grain for its own needs and urban dwellers.

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6
Q

1920

A

War with Poland

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7
Q

1921

A

Peace treaty signed with poland

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8
Q

1921

A

NEP

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9
Q

1924

A

Soviet union adopts constitution based on the dictatorship of proletariat and stipulating of private ownership of land and means of production.
Lenin dies and is replaced with trotsky/stalin

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10
Q

1928

A

Adoption of first year plan, setting goals and priorities

Collectivisation of agriculture begins, Kulaks killed or bullied into giving up land. Property confiscated

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11
Q

1934

A

Soviet union admitted into League of nation s

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12
Q

1939 August

A

Non aggression pact

Germany invades Polan triggering WW2

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13
Q

1939 September

A

Soviet troops enter Poland, which is then divided between Germany and USSR

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14
Q

1939 - 1940

A

Russian Finnish war, which ends with Finland ceding territory to the USSR

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15
Q

Treaty of Rapallo

A

1922

for diplomatic relations with germany

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16
Q

Treaty of berlin

A

1926

promising to remain neutral with Germany in event of a third party invasion

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17
Q

Great patriotic war

A

1941

war between russia and germany

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18
Q

Duma taking over

A

march 11th, 1917

19
Q

Revolutions

A

1905, 1917

20
Q

Things the duma did wrong

A

stayed in the war
No help to the poor
didnt improve living standards
No radical reform
Duma was shaky and couldnt do much otherwise theyd be otherthrown
Unstable group of politicians
They didnt offer affective solutions
Lacked authority and support as they had not been elected gby the people but put themselves in control
delayed assemble of constitutional assembly

21
Q

Why the duma made russia stay in the war

A

They tried to regain land
honouring the alliance to western countries (USA Europe France)
This frustrated peasants, soldiers, and industry works, who then lost support for duma

22
Q

The july days

A

Soviet had control over postal and railways
Duel power between soviet and duma
Community on the bolsheviks side as duma failed to assembly constitutional assembly and failed to lead reforms

23
Q

Kornilov Coup

A

After the july days
Duma leader, (Alexander Kerensky) attempt to assert control over events and appointed Kornilov as commander in chief of army to reassert discipline in the army
Kornilov then moved to supress unrest in petrograd but he was arrested

24
Q

Treaty of Brest Litovsk reparations

A 
Russia lost
80% coalmines
50% industry
26% railways
26% population
25% land 
to germany in return for peace and an exit out of the war.
25
Q

How bolshviks ensured survival

A

Ended russia’s involvement in WW1
Land owned by the tsar, the church and the nobility was to be redistributed
Religious teaching was stopped
Women are to be considered equal to men
All titles except “citizen” and “comrad” are abolished
Factory workers should work a minimum of 8 hours
All non-bolshevik newspapers to be closed

26
Q

Proletariat

A

industrial workers

27
Q

Bourgeoisie

A

the owners of factories, industries and shops, those who own a means of production

28
Q

Reasons for NEP

A

was a series of measures to move away from the tight state control of the economy introduced under war communism.
Requisitioning of agriculture was to end and be replaced by a tax which allowed peasants to sell the remaining food for profit
Reasons:
- To increase food production by giving peasants incentive to grow more
- To get the economy going again after the civil war and would provide an incentive for small businesses and help increase industrial production and trade.
- To reduce opposition to the bolsheviks, make the peasants/workers like them.
- to relax economic policies, especially unpopular measures associated with War communism

29
Q

Nepmen

A

A term of abuse used by bolsheviks to describe those private business people and traders who profited from the NEP

30
Q

Role of Trotsky in the Civil War

A
  • he organised the Red army using 50,000 former Tsarist officers to train the Red army.
  • He insured strict discipline by use of the death penalty on deserters
  • His spirit helped the reds as many bolshevik leaders doubted the reds would defeat the whites
  • He directed the war on most of the major fronts
  • He ensured that the red army was fed and well armed.
31
Q

War Communism

A

The collapse of the Russian currency was replaced with bartering.
Private trade was banned.
Rationing: Food was requisitioned (taken) from the peasantry to feed the red army.
Nationalism: all industry was to be controlled by the state.
The reintroduction of hierarchy structures in the army and industry, in factories management was reintroduced to discipline workers and increase production rate.

32
Q

Tambov Rising 1920 to 1921

A

Was a peasant uprising, largely spontaneous, to revolt against war communism,but formed a green army and established control over a large area.
Over 50,000 bolshevik red army troops were ordered to stop the revolt.

33
Q

Kronstadt Mutiny 1921

A

Sailors stationed at the Kronstadt naval base started a mutiny, against the bolsheviks
The regime was in shock as the sailors has been strong supporters of the Bolshevik resolution

34
Q

Collectivisation

A

Political
- Spread the party’s control to the country side
- extended central government control over rural areas
Social
- removal of influence of traditional social roles
- removal of capitalist classes (elimination of the kulaks)
- abolishment of peasant controlled mir (village commune)
Economic
- number of cattle halved between 1928 to 1933
- shortage of milk and meat
- Fall in grain production, 73,3 millin tonnes in 1928 to 67.6 million tonnes in 1934
widespread famine in rural areas leading to four million deaths in 1933
- greater use of machinery in the country side after mid 1930s

35
Q

The purges

A

use of terror, launch of the Great Purges against prominent party members.
Show trials were held pubically which saw former party members of the regime accused and then executed.
anyone labelled “enemy of the people” was executed or taken by the secret police
Stalin used this to eliminate any of his competition or opposition so he could stay in power and use fear on the russians and other opposition.
Often the things the people were accused of were false allegations and were just made up by stalin to remove the person.
Victims of the purges were sent to labour camps or shot

36
Q

“Permanent Revolution”

A

this was the name of the policy promoted by trotsky, which saw the need to spread world revolution as the priority after the bolshevik revolution in 1917, trotsky argued that without world revolution the revolution in russia would not survive.

37
Q

“Socialism in one country”

A

this was the name given to the policy promoted by stalin, which saw the strengthening of the revolution within russia as moe important than spreading the revolution abroad.

38
Q

Victims of the purges

A 
LEFT WING
- Zinoviev
- Kamenev
- Trotsky
RIGHT WING
- Tomsky
- Bukharin
- Rykov
PARTY OFFICIALS
- all party leaders in the soviet republics
- Redek and Pyatakov
CLASS ENEMIES
- 15 million kulaks
- "wreckers, saboteurs, spies"
- Nepmen
- Bourgeois experts
RED ARMY
- 3 out of 5 marshals
- 14 out of 16 army commanders
- 37,000 officers
SECRET POLICE
- over 3000 members of secret police
- Yagonda 
- Yezhov
39
Q

Gulag/Labour camps

A

two thirds of the 1.3 million inmates in 1939 were labelled “political criminals” or “socially harmful”
Nearly three quarters of a million people were executed rather than imprisoned

40
Q

Tsars

A

ruled russia since 1547

Nicolas was a weak ruler and didnt want to be the tsar, 1891.

41
Q

January 9th 1905

A

Bloody sunday

beings the 1905 revolution

42
Q

October 17th 1905

A

Nicolas II makes the october manifesto, which brings an end to the revolution and promises civil liberties and a duma.
Had one duma, dissolved in July 1906
Creates another, which the tsar dissolves in 1907 June

43
Q

NEP created goal increases of

A

110% increase in coal production
200% increase of iron production
335% increase in electric power
for rapid industrialisation

Modern History (1 decks)

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