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Psychology Semester 1 > Semester 1 Exam > Flashcards

Semester 1 Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A

the school of psychology that emphasizes the tendency to organize perceptions into meaningful wholes

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2
Q

Psychiatrist

A

medical doctor who prescribes medications, diagnoses illness, manages treatment, provides therapy for people who need it

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3
Q

What are the seven main contemporary perspectives in psychology?

A

Sociocultural
Psychoanalytic
Educational
Evolutionary
Cognitive
Humanistic
Biological

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4
Q

Structuralism

A

the school of psychology founded by Wilhelm Wundt
breaks down into objective sensations and subjective feelings

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5
Q

Social-Learning Theory

A

the theory that suggests that people have the ability to change their environments or create new ones

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6
Q

Dependent Variable

A

depends on independent, outcome

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7
Q

Experimental Group

A

members receive treatment

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8
Q

Control Group

A

members do not receive treatment

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9
Q

What is the main purpose of a cross sectional study?

A

identify potential correlations between variables and test subjects

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10
Q

Sample: Stratified

A

subgroups in the population are represented proportionally in the sample

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11
Q

What are the limits of correlation?

A

1) it DOES describe relationships
2) it DOESN’T reveal cause and effect

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12
Q

Laboratory-Observation Methods

A

researchers observe behavior of people or animals in laboratory settings

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13
Q

Naturalistic-Observation Method

A

researchers observe behavior of people or animals in their natural habitat

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14
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

the school of psychology founded by Sigmund Freud that emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and conflicts as determinants of human behavior
you can control your unconscious motives and behaviors

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15
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

created structuralism
structuralism - objective sensations and subjective feelings

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16
Q

Aristotle

A

created associationism
associationism - experiences remind us of similar feelings in the past, loved ones makes us feel secure, thoughts and ideas seek pleasure

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17
Q

Behaviorism

A

the school of psychology founded by John Watson, defines psychology as the scientific study of observable behavior

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18
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

did rat maze testing, reinforcement when rewards for performing an action one is more likely to perform the action
BONUS adds to Watson’s behaviorism

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19
Q

Placebo Effect

A

feeling better simply because we expect to

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20
Q

Single-Blind Studies

A

participants do not know whether they are in the experimental group or control group

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21
Q

Double-Blind Studies

A

participants ANS experimenters are unaware of who receives the actual treatment

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22
Q

Sample: Random

A

individuals selected by chance from the target population

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23
Q

Confidentiality

A

records of research participants and clients kept private

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24
Q

When do you break confidentiality?

A

can only be released if there it a threat to themselves or others

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25
Q

When is deception okay?

A

1) benefits of the research outweigh potential harm
2) individuals would have been willing to participate if they would have understood the benefits
3) when participants receive an explanation of the study after it was observed

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26
Q

Why are proper sampling techniques important to the surgery method of research?

A

it majorly can affect or alter the whole results

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27
Q

positive vs negative correlation

A

positive - one factor rises and the other factor rises also
negative - one factor rises while the other falls

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28
Q

Independent Variable

A

factors that researched manipulate or control so they can figure out its effect, test variable that is changed

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29
Q

Research Process

A

1) forming a research question
2) forming hypothesis
3) testing hypothesis
4) analyzing results
5) drawing conclusions
6) replication if needed

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30
Q

Survey Method

A

people are asked to respond to a series of questions about a particular subject
1) questionnaires or interviews
2) not ALWAYS accurate people are not always honest

31
Q

Informed Consent

A

people agree to or consent to participate in a research study only after they have been given a general overview of the research and had the choice to join or not

32
Q

What are two ways researchers can avoid biased sample?

A

1) be objective planning studies
2) be objective when collecting and analyzing data

33
Q

Functionalism

A

the school of psychology founded by William James that emphasizes the purposes of behavior and mental processes adapting to the environment, learning and maintaining behavior

34
Q

How do the concepts of theory and principles differ?

A

a theory explains a phenomenon
principles are a basic truth, rule, or law

35
Q

Cognitive Activities

A

private, unobservable mental processes such as sensation, perception, thoughts, and problem solving
your brain is a computer
Cognitive = Computer

36
Q

Theory

A

a set of assumptions about why something is the way it is and happens the way it does

37
Q

Psychology

A

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

38
Q

Contrast Freud’s research methods to Wundt, Watson, and Skinner.

A

Freud researched through consultation with patients introspection while the others conducted research in the lab

39
Q

Forensic Psychology

A

figures out thoughts/patterns in criminals and what a motive may have been
works within criminal justice system

40
Q

Explain how the Middle Ages explained weird behavior.

A

agitation and confusion was a sign of being possessed, anything not normal

41
Q

Six Methods of Observation
LLCCNT

A

Longitudinal
Laboratory
Case Study
Cross Sectional
Naturalistic
Testing

42
Q

What is the purpose of the peripheral nervous system and its two divisions?

A

the cells that make up the pns send messages between the cns and body parts
two main divisions - autonomic nervous system, somatic nervous system

43
Q

Hormones

A

stimulate growth and many kinds of reactions

44
Q

Axon Terminals

A

small branched fibers at ends of axons
SENDS messages from one neuron to the dendrites of another

45
Q

Axon

A

carries messages AWAY from the cell body

46
Q

Nature Perspective

A

what you inherit (genetics)

47
Q

Nurture Perspective

A

environment you grow up in

48
Q

What is the real perspective on nature vs nurture?

A

humans traits are influenced by genes and environment

49
Q

Genes

A

genetic traits that pass down from parents to offsprings

50
Q

What is the general purpose of kinship studies?

A

to better understand links between genes and our behavior

51
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

part of the peripheral nervous system
- transmits sensory messages to central nervous sytem ex) touch, pain, changes in temp

52
Q

Endocrine System

A

made up of all the body’s different glands discerning hormones to regulate all biological processes in the body

53
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

regulates body’s vital functions, autopilot
ex) heartbeat, breathing, digestion, blood pressure

54
Q

Cerebrum

A

largest part of the brain that controls thinking and memory

55
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

helps us deal with stressful situations
BONUS located above kidney

56
Q

Why does a spinal cord injury often result in paralysis?

A

spinal cord transmits messages between brain and muscles

57
Q

Hindbrain

A

vital functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, breathing

58
Q

Central Nervous System

A

part of nervous system that consists of brain and spinal cord

59
Q

CAT Scan

A

imaging technique used to study the brain

60
Q

Why is the cerebral cortex considered the part of the brain that makes people uniquely human? TEMMPL

A

it influences our
thoughts
emotions
memory
motor functions
perception
language

61
Q

Dendrites

A

they receive information from other neurons and pass it through the cell body

62
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

consists of left and right hemispheres connected by the corpus callous

63
Q

Longitudinal Method of Observation

A

studying group of participants or person at intervals over long periods of time

64
Q

Case Study Method of Observation

A

in depth investigations of individuals or small groups

65
Q

Testing Method of Observation

A

several types of tests measures elements such as abilities, interests, personality

66
Q

Cross Sectional Method of Observation

A

compare differences and similarities among people in different age groups at any given time

67
Q

Sociocultural Perspective

A

how ethnicity, gender, culture, economic income affects behavior and mental processes

68
Q

Psychoanalytic Perspective

A

focuses on unconscious forces + impulses

69
Q

Educational Perspective

A

skills in psychological and educational assessment techniques to help those having difficulties in learning, behavior or social adjustment, would help contribute to choosing standardized testing

70
Q

Evolutionary Perspective

A

evolution of behavior + mental processes

71
Q

Cognitive

A

focuses on problem solving, dreaming, studying mind and thoughts, Cognitive=Computer

72
Q

Humanistic Perspective

A

focuses on mental needs + self fulfillment

73
Q

Biological Perspective

A

activity of brain cells, reactions in brain, relation of chemical reactions, how hormones and genes affect behavior

Psychology Semester 1 (1 decks)

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