Semester 1 - Bio Flashcards
disease
any condition that impairs the normal body functions
pathogen
a biological agent that causes disease
sign
visible to others
sympton
not visible to others
infectious
a disease caused by pathogens and contagious (can be passed from person to person)
Non-infectious
a disease caused by inheritance/nutritional/enviromental conditions (not by pathogens) and non-contagious (passed from person to person)
prevention
inhibits the introduction of a disease to an area, population or individual
treatment
the use of an agent or procedure in an attempt to use or mitigate a disease or condition
epidemic
a widespread occurence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time
pandemic
a disease prevalent over a whole country or the world
vaccination
a treatment with a vaccine to produce immunity agaisnt a disease
ecosystem
a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical enviroment
enviroment
all of the living and non living factors that affect the survival of an organism in its living place.
community
all of the populations of different species that live in the same area at the same time and their interactions with one another.
population
a group of individuals of the same species living in one area at one time.
habitat
the living place of an organism.
adaptation
process by which a species becomes fitted to their enviroment
symbiosis
evolved interaction of close living relationship between organisms from different species (benifts one or both species)
mutalism
a relationship where both organisms benefit (e.g. barbel fish and hippo)
Structural Adaptations
physical feature e.g. fur on a rabbit to keep it warm
Commensalism
a relationship where one organism benefits and the other is unaffected (e.g. Ramora fish and shark)
Parasitism
a relationship where one organism benefits and the other organism is harmed (e.g. leeches and human)
Physiological Adaptations
a process within the body e.g. toxin released by toad for protection
Behavioural Adaptations
something an organism does e.g. birds migrating
photosynthesis - word equation
carbon dioxide + water –> glucose + oxygen
photosynthesis - molecular equation
6CO2 + 6H2O –> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Four Processes in the Carbon Cycle
Photosynthesis: Carbon is removed from the air and enters food chains via photosynthesis in producers.
Consumption and Assimilation: Carbon is then is transferred between organisms (passes along food chains in organic matter (food)) via feeding and assimilation into biomass.
Respiration & Decomposition: Carbon leaves organisms and is added to the air as a result of cellular respiration (excreted as CO2) and also during decomposition (CO2 and CH4). Some carbon leaves organisms in the faeces.
Combustion: burning wood and fossil fuels adds carbon to air (C02, CO and CH4).
Nitrogen Gas, Amonia, Nitrite, Nitrate
N2, NH3, NO2, NO3
4 Processes of the Nitrogen Cycle
Ammonification is the production of ammonia (NH3) from proteins in dead organisms and urea in urine.
Nitrogen fixation is the conversion of nitrogen gas into nitrogen compounds e.g., ammonia and nitrate (NO3-).
Nitrification is the conversion of ammonia into nitrites (NO2-) and then into nitrates (NO3-).
Denitrification is the conversion of soil nitrates into nitrogen gas (N2).
Bacteria Involved in Nitrogen Cycle
Decomposer bacteria: Breakdown dead material and waste.
Nitrogen fixing bacteria: Convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia or nitrates. They are located in soil or live symbiotically in the root nodules of some plants.
Nitrifying bacteria: Convert ammonia (NH3) and nitrites (NO2-) into nitrates (NO3-).
Denitrifying bacteria: Convert nitrates and nitrites back into atmospheric nitrogen (N2).
Bioaccumulation
the gradual build up of pollutants through the lifetime of an individual organism
Biomagnification
increase in concentration of a pollutant from one trophic level to another
5 infectious diseases/4 non infectious
Bacteia, viruses (non-cellular), fungi, protozoa, multicellular
heredity, enviromental, incorrect nutrition, physiological malfunction
Methods of transmission
Food-borne (food), air-borne ( tiny moisture), insect-borne (vector), water-borne (water), contact (between people/objects handled by people), STD (exchange of fluids)
Three lines of defence
barrier, non-specific, specific
predator
prey
consume other organisms and actively hunts other organisms
actively hunted by preds.
producer
consumer
decomposer
Producers make their own energy-rich molecules
Consumers obtain energy-rich molecules by eating other organisms
Organisms that break down energy rich molecules in dead organisms and the wastes of organisms into simple molecules
introduced species
an organism not native to a place or area
biological control
the method to reduce/eliminate invasive speices by introducing predator, competitor or pathogen
Respiration word equation
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy
respiration chemical equation
C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
