semester 1

Question 1

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 1

study of how the body affects the drug

Question 2

4 phases

Answer 2

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

Question 3

Law of mass action

Answer 3

states that the rate of chemical reactions I proportional to the concentration of reacting substances
D+R=DR RT=R+DR

Question 4

Emax model

Answer 4

Emax{D}/EC50+{D}

Question 5

Therapeutic index

Answer 5

TC50/EC50

Question 6

Pharmacological effect

Answer 6

depends on:
active molecule reaching active site
adequate conc at the active site

Question 7

Enteral administration

Answer 7

drug administration via the GI tract e.g.

oral,rectal,sublingual,buccal,nasogastric,nasojejunal,gastrostomy and jejunostomy

Question 8

Enteral factors

Answer 8

Concentration Lipid solubility
Formulation Molecular size
Gastric contents Blood supply

Question 9

GI tract

Answer 9

consists of mouth, oesophagus, stomach, intestines and anus

Question 10

First pass metabolism

Answer 10

when a drug administered via enteral route travels to the liver and its concetration decreases before it reaches systemic circulation

Question 11

Parenteral administration

Answer 11

administration by any other than via Gi tract e.g.

intramuscular(90),intravenous(20),subcutaneous(45), intradermal(5-10)

Question 12

Bioavailability(F)

Answer 12

Its the fraction of drug which reaches systemic circulation unchanged, Iv has a an F of 1/100%
ER-some lost due to first pass metabolism,
F=AUC oral/AUC Iv

Question 13

Bioavailability(F) factors

Answer 13

1)Drug factors 2)Patient factors
Concentration Blood supply
Formulation Motility
Molecular size Absorption surface
Gastric content
Bile

Question 14

Formulation

Answer 14

the process where different chemical substances including the active drug are combined to give a medicinal product

Question 15

Active ingredient

Answer 15

any component of active drug that intends to furnish pharmacological activity

Question 16

Drug product

Answer 16

finished dosage for e.g. tablet

Question 17

Active transport

Answer 17

movement of substances against a concentration gradient from an area of low con to an area of high conc, using ATP

Question 18

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 18

movement of substances down a conc gradient using a carrier protein

Question 19

Pinocytosis

Answer 19

cells engulf liquid droplets by forming vesicles

Question 20

Diffusion

Answer 20

movement of substances down a concentration gradient

Question 21

Weak acids

Answer 21

Proton donors

HA–>H++A-

Question 22

Weak bases

Answer 22

proton acceptors

B+H+–>BH+

Question 23

Pka

Answer 23

50% ionised, 50% unionised (drug)
Ka=[H][Weak base]/[weak acid]
pH=pka+log(A/HA) pr pH=pka+log(B/BH)

Question 24

Topical administration

Answer 24

1) Local effect- drug applied to the localised area on body surface to prevent systemic side effects ( creams, ointments, sprays and drops)
2) Systemic effect- drug applied to the body surface to provide an alternative route into blood (nicotine patch)

Question 25

Lipophilic

Answer 25

Utilises intracellular route
Can dissolve in oils and fats
e.g.ointments

Question 26

Hydrophilic

Answer 26

Utilises intracellular route
Attracted and tend to dissolve in water
e.g. creams

Question 27

Transdermal application

Answer 27

delivered via the skin for systemic distribution (enter blood) e.g patches

Question 28

Solute carriers

Answer 28

Group of membrane transport proteins: uniporter, symporter and antiporter
Organic anion transporter(OAT)- weak acid drugs
Organic cation transporter(OCT)-Weak based drugs

Question 29

ATP binding cassettes

Answer 29

They are a transport system superfamily: efflux pump nad p glycoprotein
use ATP

Question 30

ACIDIC DRUGS

Answer 30

Highly IONISIED in alkali pH

Question 31

BASIC DRUGS

Answer 31

Highly IONISED in acidic pH

Question 32

Bound drugs

Answer 32

can bind to plasma proteins.lipids and bone.
However, they remain in the blood, unable to have an effect and cannot be metabolised or excreted
Act as a reservoir when unbound drugs are metablised they can be freed

Question 33

Half-life

Answer 33

the time taken for a drug to reach half its concentration

Question 34

Protein binding factors

Answer 34

the affinity of the drug to binding sites
Drug concentration
Plasma protein concentration

Question 35

Albumin

Answer 35

most important plasma PROTEIN FOR DRUG BINDING
Negatively charged, binds to the acidic drug
High affinity for acidic drugs but has low capacity

Question 36

Volume of distribution

Answer 36

Its the apparent volume of drug that disperses in order to produce observed plasma concentration
VD=amount of drug in body (g)/ Plasma conc of drug(g/l)

Question 37

VD factors

Answer 37

1)Drug factors 2)Patient factors
plasma binding Age
tissue binding SEX
size Body muscle
charge Level of hydration
pka Water distribution
lipo/hydrophilic