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PSYCB 1003: Research Methods > Semester 1 > Flashcards

Semester 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Sources of knowledge

A 
Superstition
Intuition
Authority
Tenacity
Rationalism
Empiricism
Science
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2
Q

Superstition

A

Gaining knowledge through subjective feelings or believing in magical events

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3
Q

Intuition

A

Gaining knowledge without being consciously aware of where it came from

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4
Q

Authority

A

Gaining knowledge from those viewed as authority figures

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5
Q

Tenacity

A

Gaining knowledge by clinging stubbornly to repeated ideas, despite evidence to the contrary

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6
Q

Rationalism

A

Gaining knowledge through logical reasoning

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7
Q

Empiricism

A

Gaining knowledge through observations of organisms and events in the real world

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8
Q

Science

A

Gaining knowledge through empirical methods and logical reasoning

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9
Q

Pseudoscience

A

Claims that appear to be scientific but actually violate the criteria of science

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10
Q

Research methods

A

Description -
Observational
Case Study
Survey

Prediction -
Correlational
Quasi-experimental

Explanation -
Experimental

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11
Q

Observational
Naturalistic
Laboratory

A

Making observations of human or animal behaviour

” “ in their natural habitat

” “ in a laboratory

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12
Q

Case Study

A

An in-depth study of one or more individuals

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13
Q

Survey

A

Questioning individuals on a topic/s and then describing their responses

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14
Q

Correlational

A

A method that assesses the degree of relationship between two variables

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15
Q

Quasi-experimental

A

Research that compares naturally occurring groups of individuals

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16
Q

Experimental

A

A research method that allows a researcher to establish a cause-and-effect relationship through manipulation of a variable and control of the situation

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17
Q

Informed consent form

A

A form given to individuals before they participate in a study, to inform them of the general nature of the study and to obtain their consent

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18
Q

Deception

A

Lying to the participants concerning the true nature of the study, because it may affect their performance

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19
Q

Debriefing

A

Providing information about the true purpose of a study after the completion of the experiment

20
Q

Scales of measurement

A

Nominal - Categories have no rank (gender, nationality)

Ordinal - Categories do have rank (military rank, course grade)

Interval - Steps on scale have actual meaning (celcius, IQ scores)

Ratio - Scale has a true zero (age, height)

21
Q

Discrete variables

A

Consist of whole number units or categories and are made up of chunks or units that are detached and distinct from one another

22
Q

Continuous variables

A

Fall along a continuum and allow functional amounts

23
Q

Self-report measures

A

Questionnaires or interviews that measure how people report their actions, thoughts or feelings

24
Q

Reactivity

A

A possible reaction by subjects in which they act unnaturally because they know they are being observed

25
Q

Types of reliability

A

Test-retest - Assesses the degree of relationship between scores on the same test on two different occasions

Alternate forms - Different but equivalent

Split-form - Comparing two halves of a test

Interrater - When there is consistency between judges

26
Q

Types of validity

A

Face - Assesses the face value and what the test measures

Construct - How well does the measure address the construct in question

Content - How well does the measure address the content of the construct

Criterion - How well does the measure predict some criterion either in the present (concurrence validity) or in the future (predictive validity)

27
Q

Options when using observation

A

Undisguised
Nonparticipant
Participant
Disguised

28
Q

Narrative records

A

Full narrative descriptions of a subject’s behaviour

29
Q

Qualitive methods

A 
Case study method
Archival method
Interview
Focus group interview
Field studies
Action research
30
Q

Causality

A

The assumption that a correlation indicates a causal relationship between two variables

31
Q

Restrictive range

A

A variable that is truncated and has limited variability

32
Q

Regression analysis

A

A procedure that allows us to predict an individual’s score on one variable based on knowing one or more variables

33
Q

Probability

A

The study of the likelihood and uncertainty

34
Q

Null hypothesis

A

Predicts no difference exists between the groups being compared

35
Q

Alternative hypothesis

A

The hypothesis that the researcher wants to support, predicts a significant difference between the groups being compared

36
Q

One-tailed hypothesis

A

An alternate hypothesis in which the researcher predicts the direction of the expected difference between the groups

37
Q

Two-tailed hypothesis

A

An alternate hypothesis in which the researcher that the groups being compared differ but does not predict the direction of the difference

38
Q

Type I error

A

An error in hypothesis testing in which the null hypothesis is rejected when it is true

39
Q

Type II error

A

An error in hypothesis testing in which there is a failure to reject the null hypothesis when it is false

40
Q

Inferential statistic tests

A

Parametric tests - Involves making assumptions about estimates of population characteristics or parameters
eg. z or t test

Nonparametric tests - Does not involve the use of population parameters and the mean and standard deviation are not needed
eg. Chi-square or Wilcoxon test

41
Q

Confound

A

An uncontrolled extraneous variable or flaw in an experiment

42
Q

Internal and external validity

A

The extent to which the results can be attributed to the manipulation of the independent variable than to some confounding variables

The extent in which the results can be generalised

43
Q

Threats to internal validity (10)

A 
Nonequivalent control group
History effect 
Maturation effect
Testing effect
Regression to the mean
Instrumentation effect
Mortality or attribution
Diffusion of treatment
Experimenter and subject effects
Floor and ceiling effects
44
Q

Effect size & Cohen’s d

A

The proportion of variance in the dependent variable that is accounted for by the manipulation of the independent variable

An inferential statistic for measuring effect size

45
Q

Order effects

A

A problem for within-subjects designs in which the order of the conditions has an effect on the dependent variable

46
Q

Counterbalancing

A

A mechanism for controlling order effects

PSYCB 1003: Research Methods (1 decks)

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