Semester 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What do public health workers commonly carry out?

A
  • routine use of vaccinations
  • improvements in workplace safety
  • improvements to sanitation and providing clean water
  • giving access to family planning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define epidemiology

A

The study of the distribution and determinants of disease frequency in human populations and the application of this study to control health problems.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the objectives of epidemiology?

A
  • study the natural course of diseases from onset to resolution
  • determine the extent of disease in a population
  • identify patterns and trends in disease occurrence
  • identify the cause of disease
  • evaluate the effectiveness of measures to prevent and treat disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define population

A

A group of people with a common characteristic

Eg. Place of residence, gender, age or use of certain medical services

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is disease frequency?

A

Quantifying how often a disease arises in a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What steps must we take to find the disease frequency?

A
  1. Develop a definition of the disease
  2. Institute a mechanism for counting cases within a population
  3. Determine population size
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is disease distribution?

A

The analysis of disease patterns according to the characteristics of person, place and time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define disease determinants and name the two types

A

Factors that bring about a change in a person’s health or make a difference to their health
We can have causal and preventative factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a sampling frame?

A

The people that you are going to target in your survey

Eg. People who live in Leicestershire, people who shop at Waitrose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define incidence

A

The number of new cases of the condition in a population over a specified period of time

Units are per person per time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define prevalence

A

The number of people within a population with the disease at a particular time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a census?

A

The simultaneous recording of demographic data by the government at a particular time pertaining to all the persons who live in a particular territory.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Who completes the birth notification and how long do they have to do it?

A

The attendant at the birth must complete it within 36 hours for the Child Health Register

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Who completes the birth registration and how long do they have to do it?

A

The parents complete the birth registration and they have 42 days to do this with the local registrar for births.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the Crude Birth Rate (CBR)?

A

The number of live births per 1000 people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the General Fertility Rate (GFR)?

A

The number of live births per 1000 females aged 15-44 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the Total [Period] Fertility Rate (TPFR)?

A

The average number of children that would be born to a hypothetical woman in her life.

18
Q

Define fecundity

A

The physical ability to reproduce

19
Q

What is CBR used for?

A

Describing the impact of births on the size of a population

20
Q

What is GFR used for?

A

For comparing the fertility of fertile female populations

21
Q

What is TPFR used for?

A

Competing fertility of fertile females without being influenced by age group structure

22
Q

What is the main focus of public health?

A

Preventing illness in the community and promoting health

23
Q

Who does the death registration and how long do they have to do it?

A

A qualified informant has 5 days to go to the local registrar for deaths

24
Q

Define Crude Death Rate (CDR)

A

The number of deaths per 1000 people

25
Q

Define Age Specific Death Rate (ASDR)

A

The number of deaths per 1000 people in a particular age group

26
Q

What does the Standardised Mortality Ratio do?

A

It compares the observed number of deaths with the number expected if age-sex distributions of populations were identical

27
Q

Define chance

A

The occurrence of events without any obvious cause

28
Q

Define bias

A

The inclination/prejudice for or against something or someone, considered unfair

29
Q

What is a confounding variable?

A

A variable in a statistical model that correlates with both the dependent and independent variables so may be the cause of a link between the dependent and independent.

30
Q

What happens in the Pre-Clinical Phase of drug production?

A

Laboratory studies - pharmacology and animal toxicology

31
Q

What happens in Phase 1 of drug production?

A

Volunteer studies

32
Q

What happens in Phase 2 of drug production?

A

Treatment studies - find the effects and dosages needed, study common side effects

33
Q

What happens in Phase 3 of drug production?

A

Clinical trials - comparison with standard treatments

34
Q

What happens in Phase 4 of drug production?

A

Post-marketing surveillance - monitoring for adverse reactions and potential new uses.

35
Q

Define pharmacodynamics

A

The study of the

  • biochemical and physiological effects of drugs on the body
  • mechanisms of drug action
  • relationship between drug concentration and effect.
36
Q

Define pharmacokinetics

A

A branch of pharmacology dedicated to determining the fate of substances administered externally to living organisms.

37
Q

What is the formula for incidence rate?

A

Incidence Rate = (New Events)/(people x time(yrs))

Gives us events per person per year

38
Q

What is a prevalence study?

A

A cross-sectional survey with no follow up.

39
Q

What is the Incidence Rate Ratio formula?

A

IRR = (Rate (b))/ (Rate (a))

b - exposed
a - unexposed

40
Q

What is the problem with using age-specific rate ratios?

A

We get too many answers so the results are difficult to interpret

41
Q

What does the Standardised Mortality Ratio do?

A

It compares the level of mortality observed in a study population with the level of mortality expected if a standard reference population’s age-sex specific rates were applied to the study population.