Semester 1: 2nd Half - Quiz 1 Flashcards by Joel Vincent Gargantiel

Is a structure formed by a combination of 2 or more of the basic tissues, and are joined in structural unit to serve a common function.

Organ

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An organ is composed of a main tissue called?

Parenchyma and Stroma

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Is a main tissue unique for a specific organ and the functional part of the organ

Parenchyma

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Is a main tissue that is mostly connective tissue that supports and forms the framework of an organ.

Stroma

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Based on appearance, an organ can either be?

Tubular or Parenchymatous

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Are hollow organs with a canal (lumen) and a muscular wall (Ex. Intestines, stomach, esophagus, ureters, trachea, oviduct,
uterus, etc.)

Tubular Organs

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Are solid organs with the
typical parenchyma + stroma (Ex. Liver, kidneys, pancreas, brain, spleen, etc.)

Parenchymatous Organs

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Organs that have functions that perform a similar purpose are grouped together into?

Organ System.

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This system aims to:
* Support (particularly on land)
* Movement (along with muscular system)
* Protection of certain vital organs (eg. brain,
heart, reproductive organs, etc)
* Mineral storage (eg. calcium & phosphorus

Skeletal System

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It serves several important functions, the most obvious of which are structural support and protection of vital organs.

Skeletal System

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It also serves as a reservoir for important minerals such as calcium and phosphorus

Skeleton

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Red blood cells are produced in?

Bone Marrow

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The skeletal system is divided into 2 groups?

Axial Skeleton, and Appendicular Skeleton

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This skeletal system follows the axis of the body; Skull, vertebrae (backbone), ribcage

Axial Skeleton

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This skeletal system are the Arms (shoulders and collarbone, humerus, radius + ulna, carpals, metacarpals), Legs (pelvis, femur, tibia + fibula, tarsals, metatarsal), and digits (phalanges)

Appendicular Skeleton

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This system aims to:
* Movement
* Posture & Stability
* Communication (taking, body language, etc)
* Control of Body Temperature

Muscular System

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It is one of the most distinctive characteristics of animals. It is usually based on some kind of muscle tissue, often working against bones and joints.

Movement

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In humans there are over ____ different muscles that are attached by tendons to bones across a moveable joint

600 Different Muscles

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This system aims to:
* Control of long-term activities like growth, metabolism, reproduction and development
* Production of hormones

Endocrine System

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This system includes the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, and even the ovaries and testes.

Endocrine System

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It is produced by the endocrine system and regulate long term or cycling processes of growth and development while the nervous system coordinates activities that require immediate responses to environmental conditions.

Hormones

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This system aims to:
* Coordination and control of all body activities
* Rapid responses to emergency situations
* Perception & interpretation of sensory information
* (in humans) Higher level thought processes; planning, abstract thought, memory, learning, speech
* Sensory, for the monitoring of the outside world and the internal environment to allow the body to respond
quickly and effectively to any potential dangers or threat

Nervous System

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The nervous system is subdivided into two systems, what are they?

Central Nervous System, and Peripheral Nervous System

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Is the brain and the spinal cord

Central Nervous System

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Is the nerves and the ganglia branching from the brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System

Nerve cells of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) that are bringing information to the brain are called?

Sensory Neurons

Nerve cells that are taking information away from the brain out to muscles and glands are called?

Motor Nerves

Is part of the nervous system which include the eyes, ears, taste buds, nose, skin, and balancing organs within the ears.

Sense Organs

The Central Nervous Systems of animal’s process and use only one kind of information, to coordinate and control all body systems?

Electrochemical Impulses

Each sensory cell is essentially ______ and must be capable of converting a specific kind of input into an electrochemical impulse.

Transducer

This system aims to: * Delivers food and oxygen to cells * Removes carbon dioxide and wastes from cells * Transports hormones to target cells * Maintains salt/water balance and acid/base balance * Protects body from pathogens

Circulatory System

In small animals, ______ can easily move things from place to place. Larger animals require some kind of _______ to do this.

Simple Diffusion, Circulatory System

It consists of a muscular pump (the heart) and plumbing (arteries, capillaries and veins).

Circulatory System

In simple animals, the heart is a?

Simple Pumping Vessel.

In birds and mammals, the heart is a?

Double-pump with two distinct circuits of blood flow

What are the two distinct circuits of blood flow?

Pulmonary Circuit, and Systematic Circuit

The heart pumps blood to the _____ to pick up oxygen and release carbon dioxide.

Lungs (or gills)

The oxygenated blood then returns to the heart and is pumped into the systemic circuit through ______, which branches to every other organ in the body to deliver oxygen and nutrients.

Arteries

Are the microscopic vessels that are the actual sites of exchange of materials. It is found in virtually all organs of the body and are never more than a millimeter away from any body cell.

Capillaries

The deoxygenated blood will travel back to the heart via the _____, which will send it back to the lungs, where it receives oxygen again

Veins

This system aims to: * Physical and chemical digestion of food * Absorption of released nutrients * Collect & eliminate undigested wastes

Digestive System

Is essentially a long hollow tube which has been modified along its length to form organs responsible for processing and absorbing food.

Digestive System

Digestion Starts in the ______, then to the ______ to deliver food to the stomach

Oral Cavity, Esophagus

It breaks down food with gastric acids, then sends them into the small intestine

Stomach

It is where 90% of absorption and digestion takes place

Small Intestine

Most of the water from ingested food is absorbed by the?

Large Intestine (colon)

The undigestible waste products enter the _____ in the form of feces.

Rectum

Fecal matter leaves the body through the?

Anus

Is an accessory organ used for detoxification

Liver

Is an accessory organ used for producing enzymes to break down fat

Gall Bladder`

Is an accessory organ used for producing digestive enzymes and converts food to sugar

Pancreas

Several Accessory organs such as the liver, gall bladder, and the pancreas are associated with the?

Alimentary Canal

This system aims to: * O2 and CO2 exchange between blood and air * Speech and vocalization * Sense of smell

Respiratory System

Is a collection of continuously branching tubes, that allows air to move into and out of the lungs.I

Intake of gas starts at the _____ and then the _____, which is delivered to the ______, then to the _______, and then ______ which will divide into 2 branches called _____, into each of the _______.

Nose > Nasal Cavity > Pharynx > Larynx > Trachea > Bronchi > Lungs > (bronchioles > alveoli [optional])

It is aligned with the esophagus of the digestive system, only separated by the epiglottis

Pharynx

Pharynx and the Esophagus of the digestive system is separated by?

Epiglottis

Is the voice box

Larynx

The trachea is divided into 2 branches called?

Bronchi

Inside the lungs, the bronchi continue to branch off into smaller and smaller branches called?

Bronchioles

Bronchioles terminate at clusters of sacs called ______, where the actual has exchange occur

Alveoli

Alveoli are surrounded by _____ where it provides oxygen to the blood while receiving the carbon dioxide.

Capillaries

In the respiratory system, it is exhaled out of the body following the same path but in the opposite direction

Carbon Dioxide

This system aims to: * Removal of metabolic wastes & toxins * Elimination of excess nutrients & excess hormones * Regulation of blood volume & pressure * Regulation of electrolytes & body pH

Excretory/Urinary System

In small, simple animals Excretory system is usually done through the _____ with no specific excretory organs or structures.

Body Wall

Metabolic wastes are removed by _____ from individual cells.

Simple Diffusion

The metabolic wastes that our cells produce diffuse into the blood and are taken to the ______ for disposal.

Kidneys

Each kidney is a collection of 1000‘s of tiny ______, which processes small amounts of blood to extract metabolic wastes and excess nutrients.

Nephrons

Is the final filtrate that passes out of the organism through ducts

Urine

Are ducts where urine passes out of

Ureters

An organ which temporarily stores the urine.

Urinary Bladder

Urine exits the bladder and out of the body through the?

Urethra

The process of excretory/urinary system

Kidney > Urine > Ureters > Urinary Bladder > Urethra

This system aims to: * Producing germ/sex cells * Production and support of offspring (females) * Propagation of the species

Reproductive System

Is the female germ cell

Ova

The site of female germ cell production is in the?

Ovaries

Mature ova are released from the ovaries to the ______, where they wait to be fertilized by sperm.

Fallopian Tube / Oviducts

Once the matured ova is fertilized, they move to the _____, where the fertilized egg grows and develop.

Uterus

When an offspring is about to be born, it passes through the?

Cervix > Vagina > Vulva

It is found at the neck of the uterus and normally forms a barrier between the vagina and uterus.

Cervix

Is the external genitalia of the female reproductive system

Vulva

Is the male germ cell

Spermatozoa / Sperm

The site of male germ cell production is in the?

Testes

Mature sperm leaves the testes through the?

Epididymis, and Vas deferens / sperm duct

What are the accessory male organs that function to provide nutrients to the mature spermatozoa.

Seminal Vesicles, Prostate Gland, and Bulbourethral Glands

Accessory male reproductive organs (seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands) function to provide nutrients to the mature spermatozoa and the production of?

Semen

During ejaculation, sperm is released through the? It is the most common opening for both semen and urine in males

Urethra

Male urethra is enclosed by the? It is the copulatory organ of males

Penis

External genitalia of males include the? It is the skin surrounding the penis and the scrotum

Prepuce

Is the skin covering the testes

Scrotum

For birds and reptiles, they have a common chamber for reproduction, digestion and excretion. What is this called?

Cloaca